Abstract:
As synthetic pesticides play a major role in pollinator decline worldwide, biopesticides have been gaining increased attention to develop more sustainable methods for pest management in agriculture. These biocontrol agents are usually considered as safe for non-target species, such as pollinators. Unfortunately, when it comes to non-target insects, only the acute or chronic effects on survival following exposure to biopesticides are tested. Although international boards have highlighted the need to include also behavioral and morphophysiological traits when assessing risks of plant protection products on pollinators, no substantial concerns have been raised about the risks associated with sublethal exposure to these substances. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the studies investigating the potential adverse effects of biopesticides on different taxa of pollinators (bees, butterflies, moths, beetles, flies, and wasps). We highlight the fragmentary knowledge on this topic and the lack of a systematic investigation of these negative effects of biopesticides on insect pollinators. We show that all the major classes of biopesticides, besides their direct toxicity, can also cause a plethora of more subtle detrimental effects in both solitary and social species of pollinators. Although research in this field is growing, the current risk assesment approach does not suffice to properly assess all the potential side-effects that these agents of control may have on pollinating insects. Given the urgent need for a sustainable agriculture and wildlife protection, it appears compelling that these so far neglected detrimental effects should be thoroughly assessed before allegedly safe biopesticides can be used in the field and, in this view, we provide a perspective for future directions.
摘要:
由于合成农药在全球传粉媒介的下降中起着重要作用,生物农药越来越受到关注,以开发更可持续的农业虫害管理方法。这些生物防治剂通常被认为对非目标物种是安全的,如传粉者。不幸的是,当涉及到非目标昆虫时,仅测试暴露于生物农药后对生存的急性或慢性影响。尽管国际委员会强调,在评估植物保护产品对传粉媒介的风险时,还需要包括行为和形态生理特征,对于亚致死性接触这些物质的风险,没有引起任何实质性的关注.这里,我们提供了对研究生物农药对传粉媒介不同分类群的潜在不利影响的全面审查(蜜蜂,蝴蝶,飞蛾,甲虫,苍蝇,和黄蜂)。我们强调了有关此主题的零散知识,并且缺乏对生物农药对昆虫传粉者的这些负面影响的系统研究。我们展示了所有主要类别的生物农药,除了它们的直接毒性,也会对传粉者的单独和社会物种造成过多更微妙的有害影响。虽然这方面的研究越来越多,目前的风险评估方法不足以正确评估这些控制剂对授粉昆虫可能产生的所有潜在副作用。鉴于迫切需要可持续农业和野生动植物保护,似乎令人信服的是,在据称安全的生物农药可以在该领域使用之前,应该对这些迄今被忽视的有害影响进行彻底评估,在这个观点中,我们为未来的方向提供了一个视角。