Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Rice field agroecosystems produce food for more than half of the world\'s population and deliver important services supporting farmers\' livelihoods. However, traditional rice field agroecosystems are facing a variety of problems, including pests or markets that are hard to access. This research explored indigenous farmers\' perceptions of the problems, their causes and consequences, and the solutions applied to address them in the rice field agroecosystem. Furthermore, the study investigated how indigenous farmers related these problems to the surrounding landscape elements and to microzones in the fields.
METHODS: Data were collected in two villages in the upper Baram, Sarawak using a qualitative approach that included sketch drawings and face-to-face interviews. Forty-three indigenous farmers of the Kenyah, Penan and Sa\'ban ethnic groups were interviewed in their rice fields. The sketch drawings were used to identify the perceived landscape elements, while the oral interviews were employed to identify perceived microzones. Furthermore, the interviews elicited the perceived problems in the rice field agroecosystem and their relations to landscape elements and microzones.
RESULTS: The findings identified a total of nine environmental problems, e.g. animal disturbance, six social problems, e.g. difficult to access farm inputs, and eight agricultural technology system problems, e.g. poor soil quality, with some found to be rooted in complex causes and affecting agricultural productivity. While some problems were perceived at field level, microzones were frequently used as sub-field indicators of the problems. The surrounding landscape elements were perceived as both a source of the problems and as a means of avoiding them. To solve the problems, farmers applied preventive and reactive strategies based on traditional knowledge and scientific knowledge, resulting in a hybridisation of knowledge systems.
CONCLUSIONS: By including environmental, social, agricultural technology system problems and different spatial scales, this research contributes to addressing issues that can be overlooked when focusing on only one dimension of the problems. These results contribute to a better understanding of how indigenous farmers perceive, cope with and adapt to problems in rice field agroecosystems, which is important for landscape management.
METHODS: Data were collected in two villages in the upper Baram, Sarawak using a qualitative approach that included sketch drawings and face-to-face interviews. Forty-three indigenous farmers of the Kenyah, Penan and Sa\'ban ethnic groups were interviewed in their rice fields. The sketch drawings were used to identify the perceived landscape elements, while the oral interviews were employed to identify perceived microzones. Furthermore, the interviews elicited the perceived problems in the rice field agroecosystem and their relations to landscape elements and microzones.
RESULTS: The findings identified a total of nine environmental problems, e.g. animal disturbance, six social problems, e.g. difficult to access farm inputs, and eight agricultural technology system problems, e.g. poor soil quality, with some found to be rooted in complex causes and affecting agricultural productivity. While some problems were perceived at field level, microzones were frequently used as sub-field indicators of the problems. The surrounding landscape elements were perceived as both a source of the problems and as a means of avoiding them. To solve the problems, farmers applied preventive and reactive strategies based on traditional knowledge and scientific knowledge, resulting in a hybridisation of knowledge systems.
CONCLUSIONS: By including environmental, social, agricultural technology system problems and different spatial scales, this research contributes to addressing issues that can be overlooked when focusing on only one dimension of the problems. These results contribute to a better understanding of how indigenous farmers perceive, cope with and adapt to problems in rice field agroecosystems, which is important for landscape management.
摘要：
背景：稻田农业生态系统为世界一半以上的人口提供食物，并提供支持农民生计的重要服务。然而,传统稻田农业生态系统面临着各种各样的问题，包括难以进入的害虫或市场。这项研究探讨了土著农民对这些问题的看法，他们的原因和后果，以及在稻田农业生态系统中解决这些问题的解决方案。此外，该研究调查了土著农民如何将这些问题与周围的景观元素和田野中的微区联系起来。
方法：在上巴拉姆的两个村庄收集了数据，砂拉越使用定性方法，包括素描和面对面的采访。肯尼亚人的43名土著农民，Penan和Sa\'ban种族在他们的稻田中接受了采访。草图用于识别感知的景观元素，而口头访谈被用来识别感知的微区。此外，访谈得出了稻田农业生态系统中存在的问题及其与景观元素和微区的关系。
结果：研究结果确定了总共9个环境问题，例如，动物干扰，六个社会问题,例如，难以获得农场投入，和八个农业技术体系问题，例如，土壤质量差，其中一些发现植根于复杂的原因并影响农业生产力。虽然在实地一级发现了一些问题，微区经常被用作问题的子领域指标。周围的景观元素被认为既是问题的根源，也是避免问题的手段。为了解决问题，农民应用基于传统知识和科学知识的预防和反应策略，导致知识系统的混合。
结论：通过包括环境，社会,农业技术系统问题和不同的空间尺度，这项研究有助于解决当只关注一个维度的问题时可能被忽视的问题。这些结果有助于更好地理解土著农民的看法，应对和适应稻田农业生态系统问题，这对景观管理很重要。
方法：在上巴拉姆的两个村庄收集了数据，砂拉越使用定性方法，包括素描和面对面的采访。肯尼亚人的43名土著农民，Penan和Sa\'ban种族在他们的稻田中接受了采访。草图用于识别感知的景观元素，而口头访谈被用来识别感知的微区。此外，访谈得出了稻田农业生态系统中存在的问题及其与景观元素和微区的关系。
结果：研究结果确定了总共9个环境问题，例如，动物干扰，六个社会问题,例如，难以获得农场投入，和八个农业技术体系问题，例如，土壤质量差，其中一些发现植根于复杂的原因并影响农业生产力。虽然在实地一级发现了一些问题，微区经常被用作问题的子领域指标。周围的景观元素被认为既是问题的根源，也是避免问题的手段。为了解决问题，农民应用基于传统知识和科学知识的预防和反应策略，导致知识系统的混合。
结论：通过包括环境，社会,农业技术系统问题和不同的空间尺度，这项研究有助于解决当只关注一个维度的问题时可能被忽视的问题。这些结果有助于更好地理解土著农民的看法，应对和适应稻田农业生态系统问题，这对景观管理很重要。
