Abstract：
The striatal region Area X plays an important role during song learning, sequencing, and variability in songbirds. A previous study revealed that neurotoxic damage within Area X results in micro and macrostructural changes across the entire brain, including the downstream dorsal thalamus and both the upstream pallial nucleus HVC (proper name) and the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN). Here, we specify these changes on cellular and gene expression levels. We found decreased cell density in the thalamic and cerebellar areas and HVC, but it was not related to neuronal loss. On the contrary, perineuronal nets (PNNs) in HVC increased for up to 2 months post-lesion, suggesting their protecting role. The synaptic plasticity marker Forkhead box protein P2 (FoxP2) showed a bi-phasic increase at 8 days and 3 months post-lesion, indicating a massive synaptic rebuilding. The later increase in HVC was associated with the increased number of new neurons. These data suggest that the damage in the striatal vocal nucleus induces cellular and gene expression alterations in both the efferent and afferent destinations. These changes may be long-lasting and involve plasticity and neural protection mechanisms in the areas directly connected to the injury site and also to distant areas, such as the cerebellum.
摘要：
纹状体区域X区在歌曲学习中起着重要作用，测序,测序和鸣鸟的变异性。先前的一项研究表明，X区域内的神经毒性损伤会导致整个大脑的微观和宏观结构变化，包括下游背侧丘脑和上游苍白核HVC（专有名称）和深小脑核（DCN）。这里,我们在细胞和基因表达水平上指定了这些变化。我们发现丘脑和小脑区和HVC的细胞密度降低，但与神经元丢失无关.相反,HVC中的神经周围网（PNN）在病变后2个月内增加，暗示他们的保护作用。突触可塑性标志物叉头框蛋白P2（FoxP2）在损伤后8天和3个月显示出双相增加，显示大量的突触重建.HVC的后期增加与新神经元数量的增加有关。这些数据表明，纹状体声核的损伤会诱导传出和传入目的地的细胞和基因表达改变。这些变化可能是持久的，涉及与损伤部位直接相连的区域以及与远处区域的可塑性和神经保护机制，比如小脑。
