The main objective of this study was to carry out a systematic review of studies that assess underlying biological markers (e.g., genes, brain, psychophysiological, and hormonal) of reactive and proactive aggression.
To carry out this review, we followed PRISMA quality criteria for reviews, using five digital databases complemented by hand-searching.
The reading of 3993 abstracts led to the final inclusion of 157 papers that met all the inclusion criteria. The studies included allow us to conclude that heritability accounted for approximately 45% of the explained variance in both types of aggression, with 60% shared by both, especially, for overt and physical expression forms, and 10% specific to each type. Regarding allelic risk factors, whereas low functioning variants affecting serotonin transport and monoaminoxidase increased the risk of reactive aggression, high functioning variants were associated with proactive aggression. Furthermore, brain analysis revealed an overlap between the two types of aggression and alterations in the volume of the amygdala and temporal cortex. Moreover, high activation of the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) facilitated proneness to both types of aggression equally. Whereas stimulation of the right ventrolateral (VLPFC) and dorsolateral (DLPFC) reduced proneness to aggression, inhibition of the left DLPFC increased it. Finally, psychophysiological and hormonal correlates in general did not clearly differentiate between the two types because they were equally related to each type (e.g., low basal cortisol and vagal variability in response to acute stress) CONCLUSIONS: This study reinforces the complementary model of both types of aggression instead of a dichotomous model. Additionally, this review also offers background about several treatments (i.e., pharmacological, non-invasive brain techniques…) to reduce aggression proneness.
本研究的主要目的是对评估潜在生物学标记的研究进行系统综述(例如,基因,大脑,心理生理学,和荷尔蒙)的反应性和主动性侵略。
为了进行这项审查,我们遵循PRISMA质量标准进行审查,使用五个数字数据库,辅以手工搜索。
阅读了3993篇摘要,最终纳入了符合所有纳入标准的157篇论文。这些研究使我们能够得出结论,在这两种类型的攻击中,遗传力约占解释方差的45%。两者共有60%,尤其是,对于公开的和物理的表达形式,和10%特定于每种类型。关于等位基因风险因素,而影响5-羟色胺转运和单氨氧化酶的低功能变体增加了反应性攻击的风险,高功能变异与主动攻击相关.此外,大脑分析显示,两种类型的攻击与杏仁核和颞叶皮层体积的改变之间存在重叠。此外,内侧前额叶皮层(PFC)的高度激活同样促进了两种攻击的倾向性。右腹外侧(VLPFC)和背外侧(DLPFC)的刺激降低了攻击的倾向性,左侧DLPFC的抑制增加了它。最后,心理生理学和激素相关性通常没有明确区分这两种类型,因为它们与每种类型的相关性相同(例如,对急性应激的低基础皮质醇和迷走神经变异性)结论:这项研究加强了两种类型侵略的互补模型,而不是二分法模型。此外,这篇综述还提供了几种治疗方法的背景(即,药理学,非侵入性大脑技术...)以减少攻击性倾向。