Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Television viewing among children is associated with developmental and health outcomes, yet measurement techniques for television viewing are prone to errors, biases, or both.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop a system to objectively and passively measure children\'s television viewing time.
METHODS: The Family Level Assessment of Screen Use in the Home-Television (FLASH-TV) system includes three sequential algorithms applied to video data collected in front of a television screen: face detection, face verification, and gaze estimation. A total of 21 families of diverse race and ethnicity were enrolled in 1 of 4 design studies to train the algorithms and provide proof of concept testing for the integrated FLASH-TV system. Video data were collected from each family in a laboratory mimicking a living room or in the child\'s home. Staff coded the video data for the target child as the gold standard. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for each algorithm, as compared with the gold standard. Prevalence and biased adjusted κ scores and an intraclass correlation using a generalized linear mixed model compared FLASH-TV\'s estimation of television viewing duration to the gold standard.
RESULTS: FLASH-TV demonstrated high sensitivity for detecting faces (95.5%-97.9%) and performed well on face verification when the child\'s gaze was on the television. Each of the metrics for estimating the child\'s gaze on the screen was moderate to good (range: 55.1% negative predictive value to 91.2% specificity). When combining the 3 sequential steps, FLASH-TV estimation of the child\'s screen viewing was overall good, with an intraclass correlation for an overall time watching television of 0.725 across conditions.
CONCLUSIONS: FLASH-TV offers a critical step forward in improving the assessment of children\'s television viewing.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop a system to objectively and passively measure children\'s television viewing time.
METHODS: The Family Level Assessment of Screen Use in the Home-Television (FLASH-TV) system includes three sequential algorithms applied to video data collected in front of a television screen: face detection, face verification, and gaze estimation. A total of 21 families of diverse race and ethnicity were enrolled in 1 of 4 design studies to train the algorithms and provide proof of concept testing for the integrated FLASH-TV system. Video data were collected from each family in a laboratory mimicking a living room or in the child\'s home. Staff coded the video data for the target child as the gold standard. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for each algorithm, as compared with the gold standard. Prevalence and biased adjusted κ scores and an intraclass correlation using a generalized linear mixed model compared FLASH-TV\'s estimation of television viewing duration to the gold standard.
RESULTS: FLASH-TV demonstrated high sensitivity for detecting faces (95.5%-97.9%) and performed well on face verification when the child\'s gaze was on the television. Each of the metrics for estimating the child\'s gaze on the screen was moderate to good (range: 55.1% negative predictive value to 91.2% specificity). When combining the 3 sequential steps, FLASH-TV estimation of the child\'s screen viewing was overall good, with an intraclass correlation for an overall time watching television of 0.725 across conditions.
CONCLUSIONS: FLASH-TV offers a critical step forward in improving the assessment of children\'s television viewing.
摘要：
背景：儿童看电视与发育和健康结果有关，然而，电视观看的测量技术容易出错，偏见，或者两者兼而有之。
目的：本研究旨在开发一种客观和被动地测量儿童看电视时间的系统。
方法：家庭电视（FLASH-TV）系统中的家庭屏幕使用评估包括三种应用于电视屏幕前收集的视频数据的顺序算法：人脸检测，面部验证,和凝视估计。共有21个不同种族和种族的家庭参加了4个设计研究中的1个，以训练算法并为集成的FLASH-TV系统提供概念测试证明。视频数据从每个家庭收集在实验室模仿客厅或在孩子的家里。工作人员将目标儿童的视频数据编码为黄金标准。准确性,灵敏度,特异性，正预测值，并计算每种算法的阴性预测值，与黄金标准相比。使用广义线性混合模型的患病率和有偏差的调整后的κ分数以及类内相关性将FLASH-TV对电视观看持续时间的估计与黄金标准进行了比较。
结果：FLASH-TV显示出检测面部的高灵敏度（95.5％-97.9％），并且在儿童凝视电视时在面部验证方面表现良好。用于估计儿童在屏幕上的凝视的每个指标都是中等到良好的(范围:55.1%阴性预测值到91.2%特异性)。当组合三个连续步骤时，FLASH-TV估计孩子的屏幕观看情况总体良好，在不同条件下，看电视的总时间为0.725，具有类内相关性。
结论：FLASH-TV在改善儿童看电视的评估方面迈出了重要的一步。
目的：本研究旨在开发一种客观和被动地测量儿童看电视时间的系统。
方法：家庭电视（FLASH-TV）系统中的家庭屏幕使用评估包括三种应用于电视屏幕前收集的视频数据的顺序算法：人脸检测，面部验证,和凝视估计。共有21个不同种族和种族的家庭参加了4个设计研究中的1个，以训练算法并为集成的FLASH-TV系统提供概念测试证明。视频数据从每个家庭收集在实验室模仿客厅或在孩子的家里。工作人员将目标儿童的视频数据编码为黄金标准。准确性,灵敏度,特异性，正预测值，并计算每种算法的阴性预测值，与黄金标准相比。使用广义线性混合模型的患病率和有偏差的调整后的κ分数以及类内相关性将FLASH-TV对电视观看持续时间的估计与黄金标准进行了比较。
结果：FLASH-TV显示出检测面部的高灵敏度（95.5％-97.9％），并且在儿童凝视电视时在面部验证方面表现良好。用于估计儿童在屏幕上的凝视的每个指标都是中等到良好的(范围:55.1%阴性预测值到91.2%特异性)。当组合三个连续步骤时，FLASH-TV估计孩子的屏幕观看情况总体良好，在不同条件下，看电视的总时间为0.725，具有类内相关性。
结论：FLASH-TV在改善儿童看电视的评估方面迈出了重要的一步。
