PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
There is growing evidence that couples in non-traditional relationships in which the woman attains higher status than her male partner experience more negative relationship outcomes than traditional couples. A possible reason is that non-traditional couples violate persisting gender stereotypes that prescribe men to be breadwinners and women to be caregivers of the family. In the current study (N = 2,748), we investigated whether a country\'s gender-stereotypical culture predicts non-traditional men and women\'s relationship and life outcomes. We used the European Sustainable Workforce Survey, which is conducted in nine European countries. Two indicators of countries\' gender-stereotypical culture are used: Gender Empowerment Measure and implicit gender stereotypes. We found that women\'s income and -to a lesser extent- education degree relative to their male partner affected outcomes such as relationship quality, negative emotions, and experienced time pressure. Furthermore, men and women living in countries with a traditional gender-stereotypical culture (e.g., Netherlands, Hungary) reported lower relationship quality when women earned more than their partners. Relative income differences did not affect the relationship quality of participants living in egalitarian countries (e.g., Sweden, Finland). Also, couples in which the woman is more highly educated than the man reported higher relationship quality in egalitarian countries, but not in traditional countries. Our findings suggest that dominant beliefs and ideologies in society can hinder or facilitate couples in non-traditional relationships.
摘要：
越来越多的证据表明，在非传统关系中，女性比男性伴侣获得更高的地位的夫妇比传统夫妇经历更多的负面关系结果。一个可能的原因是，非传统夫妇违反了持续存在的性别陈规定型观念，这些陈规定男子是养家糊口的人，妇女是家庭的照顾者。在目前的研究中(N=2,748)，我们调查了一个国家的性别定型文化是否能预测非传统的男女关系和生活结果。我们使用了欧洲可持续劳动力调查，在九个欧洲国家进行。使用了国家/地区性别陈规定型文化的两个指标：性别赋权措施和隐含的性别陈规定型观念。我们发现，女性的收入和-在较小程度上-教育程度相对于他们的男性伴侣影响结果，如关系质量，负面情绪,经历了时间压力。此外，生活在具有传统性别陈规定型文化的国家的男人和女人(例如，荷兰,匈牙利）报告说，当女性的收入超过伴侣时，关系质量较低。相对收入差异并不影响生活在平等国家的参与者的关系质量(例如，瑞典,芬兰)。此外，在平等国家，女性受教育程度高于男性的夫妇报告的关系质量更高，但不是在传统国家。我们的发现表明，社会中的主导信念和意识形态可以阻碍或促进非传统关系中的夫妻。
