PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: To provide a comprehensive review on different characteristics of abnormal head postures (AHPs) due to different ocular causes, its measurement, and its effect on facial appearance.
METHODS: In this review article, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engines were searched for the scientific articles and books published between 1975 and September 2020 based on the keywords of this article. The selected articles were collected, summarized, classified, evaluated, and finally concluded.
RESULTS: AHP can be caused by various ocular or nonocular diseases. The prevalence of ocular causes of AHP was reported to be 18%-25%. 1.1% of patients presenting to ophthalmology clinics has AHP. The first step in evaluating a patient with AHP is a correct differential diagnosis between nonocular and ocular sources by performing comprehensive eye examinations and ruling out other causes of orthopedic and neurological AHP. Ocular AHP occurs for a variety of reasons, the most important of which include nystagmus, superior oblique palsy, and Duane\'s retraction syndrome. AHP may be an essential clinical sign for an underlying disease, which can only be appropriately treated by the accurate determination of the cause. Long-standing AHP may lead to facial asymmetry and secondary muscular and skeletal changes.
CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, a proper differential diagnosis between nonocular and ocular causes, knowledge of the different forms of AHP and their measurement methods, accurate diagnosis of the cause, and proper and timely treatment of ocular AHP can prevent facial asymmetry and secondary muscular and skeletal changes in the patients.
METHODS: In this review article, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engines were searched for the scientific articles and books published between 1975 and September 2020 based on the keywords of this article. The selected articles were collected, summarized, classified, evaluated, and finally concluded.
RESULTS: AHP can be caused by various ocular or nonocular diseases. The prevalence of ocular causes of AHP was reported to be 18%-25%. 1.1% of patients presenting to ophthalmology clinics has AHP. The first step in evaluating a patient with AHP is a correct differential diagnosis between nonocular and ocular sources by performing comprehensive eye examinations and ruling out other causes of orthopedic and neurological AHP. Ocular AHP occurs for a variety of reasons, the most important of which include nystagmus, superior oblique palsy, and Duane\'s retraction syndrome. AHP may be an essential clinical sign for an underlying disease, which can only be appropriately treated by the accurate determination of the cause. Long-standing AHP may lead to facial asymmetry and secondary muscular and skeletal changes.
CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, a proper differential diagnosis between nonocular and ocular causes, knowledge of the different forms of AHP and their measurement methods, accurate diagnosis of the cause, and proper and timely treatment of ocular AHP can prevent facial asymmetry and secondary muscular and skeletal changes in the patients.
摘要：
目的：对不同眼部原因引起的异常头部姿势（AHP）的不同特征进行全面综述，它的测量，以及它对面部外观的影响。
方法：在这篇综述文章中，PubMed,Scopus,和GoogleScholar搜索引擎根据本文的关键词搜索了1975年至2020年9月之间发表的科学文章和书籍。收集了选定的文章，总结,机密，评估，最后得出结论。
结果：AHP可由各种眼部或非眼部疾病引起。据报道，AHP的眼部原因的患病率为18％-25％。到眼科诊所就诊的患者中有1.1％具有层次分析法。使用AHP评估患者的第一步是通过进行全面的眼科检查并排除骨科和神经系统AHP的其他原因，在非眼源和眼源之间进行正确的鉴别诊断。眼部AHP的发生有多种原因，其中最重要的包括眼球震颤，上斜肌麻痹，和杜安的退缩综合症。AHP可能是潜在疾病的重要临床体征，只有通过准确确定原因才能得到适当的治疗。长期的AHP可能导致面部不对称和继发性肌肉和骨骼变化。
结论：结论：非眼部和眼部原因之间的正确鉴别诊断，了解层次分析法的不同形式及其测量方法，准确诊断病因,正确及时的眼部AHP治疗可以防止患者面部不对称和继发性肌肉和骨骼改变。
方法：在这篇综述文章中，PubMed,Scopus,和GoogleScholar搜索引擎根据本文的关键词搜索了1975年至2020年9月之间发表的科学文章和书籍。收集了选定的文章，总结,机密，评估，最后得出结论。
结果：AHP可由各种眼部或非眼部疾病引起。据报道，AHP的眼部原因的患病率为18％-25％。到眼科诊所就诊的患者中有1.1％具有层次分析法。使用AHP评估患者的第一步是通过进行全面的眼科检查并排除骨科和神经系统AHP的其他原因，在非眼源和眼源之间进行正确的鉴别诊断。眼部AHP的发生有多种原因，其中最重要的包括眼球震颤，上斜肌麻痹，和杜安的退缩综合症。AHP可能是潜在疾病的重要临床体征，只有通过准确确定原因才能得到适当的治疗。长期的AHP可能导致面部不对称和继发性肌肉和骨骼变化。
结论：结论：非眼部和眼部原因之间的正确鉴别诊断，了解层次分析法的不同形式及其测量方法，准确诊断病因,正确及时的眼部AHP治疗可以防止患者面部不对称和继发性肌肉和骨骼改变。
