Abstract：
The cerebellum is involved in multiple closed-loops circuitry which connect the cerebellar modules with the motor cortex, prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortical areas, and contribute to motor control, cognitive processes, emotional processing, and behavior. Among them, the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway represents the anatomical substratum of cerebellum-motor cortex inhibition (CBI). However, the cerebellum is also connected with basal ganglia by disynaptic pathways, and cerebellar involvement in disorders commonly associated with basal ganglia dysfunction (e.g., Parkinson\'s disease and dystonia) has been suggested. Lately, cerebellar activity has been targeted by non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to indirectly affect and tune dysfunctional circuitry in the brain. Although the results are promising, several questions remain still unsolved. Here, a panel of experts from different specialties (neurophysiology, neurology, neurosurgery, neuropsychology) reviews the current results on cerebellar NIBS with the aim to derive the future steps and directions needed. We discuss the effects of TMS in the field of cerebellar neurophysiology, the potentials of cerebellar tDCS, the role of animal models in cerebellar NIBS applications, and the possible application of cerebellar NIBS in motor learning, stroke recovery, speech and language functions, neuropsychiatric and movement disorders.
摘要：
小脑参与多个闭环电路，连接小脑模块和运动皮层，前额叶,temporal,和顶叶皮质区，并有助于电机控制，认知过程，情绪处理，和行为。其中,小脑-丘脑-皮质通路代表小脑-运动皮质抑制（CBI）的解剖学基础。然而,小脑也通过突触通路与基底神经节相连，和小脑参与通常与基底神经节功能障碍相关的疾病(例如，帕金森病和肌张力障碍）已被提出。最近,小脑活动已通过包括经颅磁刺激（TMS）和经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）在内的非侵入性脑刺激（NIBS）技术来间接影响和调节大脑中的功能障碍电路。虽然结果很有希望，有几个问题仍未解决。这里,来自不同专业的专家小组(神经生理学，神经学,神经外科,神经心理学）回顾了小脑NIBS的当前结果，目的是得出未来所需的步骤和方向。我们讨论了TMS在小脑神经生理学领域的作用，小脑tDCS的潜力，动物模型在小脑NIBS应用中的作用，以及小脑NIBS在运动学习中的可能应用，中风恢复,语音和语言功能，神经精神和运动障碍。
