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Abstract：
Electrodeposition is a fundamental technology in modern society and has been widely used in metal plating and extraction, etc. However, extreme reaction conditions, including wide operation temperature ranges and corrosive media (molten salt/oxide systems as a particular example), inhibit direct in situ observation of the electrodeposition process. To visualize the electrode kinetics in such \"black box,\" X-ray tomography is employed to monitor the electrochemical processes and three-dimensional (3D) evolution of morphology. Benefiting from the excellent penetration of X-ray, a non-destructive and non-contact in situ four-dimensional (4D) visualization of Ti deposition is realized. Real-time 3D reconstructed images reveal that the counterintuitive nucleation and growth process of a mesoscale Ti dendrite at both solid and liquid cathodes. According to 3D morphology evolution, unusual mechanism based on synergetic effect of the diffusion of metallic Ti and local field enhancement is achieved utilizing a simulation method based on a finite element method. This approach allows for timely and accurately regulating the electrodeposition process upon in situ monitored parameters. More importantly, the 4D technique upon operando X-ray tomography and numerical simulation can be easily applied to other electrodeposition systems, which will help deeply understand the internal kinetics and the precise optimization of the electrodeposition conditions.
摘要：
电沉积是现代社会的一项基本技术，已广泛应用于金属电镀和提取，等。然而,极端反应条件,包括宽工作温度范围和腐蚀性介质（熔盐/氧化物系统作为一个特定的例子），抑制电沉积过程的直接原位观察。为了在这样的黑盒子中可视化电极动力学，“X射线断层扫描用于监测电化学过程和形态的三维（3D）演变。得益于X射线的优异穿透力，实现了Ti沉积的非破坏性和非接触原位四维(4D)可视化。实时3D重建图像揭示了中尺度Ti枝晶在固体和液体阴极上的反直觉成核和生长过程。根据三维形态演变,利用基于有限元方法的模拟方法，实现了基于金属Ti扩散和局部场增强的协同作用的异常机制。该方法允许根据原位监测的参数及时且准确地调节电沉积过程。更重要的是,基于操作X射线层析成像和数值模拟的4D技术可以很容易地应用于其他电沉积系统，这将有助于深入理解电沉积条件的内部动力学和精确优化。
