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Abstract：
Introduction: In order to meet the sustainable development goals targets of sanitation, countries aim to increase access to safely managed sanitation services for its citizens. Safely managed sanitation services refers to improved sanitation technologies that are not shared with other households and where excreta is treated and disposed; or stored, transported and treated off-site. In most Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries, on-site sanitation facilities such as latrines and septic tanks are common, with low-income urban settlements mainly using pit latrines. However, little is documented about the management of sludge from these facilities, especially in low income settlements in secondary and emerging cities. This lack of data is a major hindrance to public health, development and planning efforts by governments and planning agencies. This study specifically assesses practices and challenges along the sanitation value chain related to containment, emptying, transportation, treatment and recycling of fecal sludge. Methods: The study was carried out in low income settlements in Nakuru, a secondary city in Kenya. Over half the population in Nakuru live in low income areas and majority of these residents use pit latrines. A case study design was selected for this study and data was collected using qualitative methods. Data was collected through In-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions using in depth interview guide and focus group discussion guides that had questions on sanitation practices along the value chain, challenges, opportunities available, and recommendations for improvement. Analysis was done through content analysis by reading the transcripts multiple times to gain a sense of the flow of the discussion. Thereafter, coding was done by following emergent issues and thereafter categories were identified which formed the basis for providing a picture of FWM practices in the settlements. Results: On site sanitation facilities are dominant in the settlements, but they are few and are shared by several households. These facilities were unclean, and they filled up at a fast rate because of the high number of users. The latrines were emptied by manual emptiers who used mechanized equipment but complemented with manual emptying using buckets. Sludge was transported to a central collection point using large and small scale means of transportation, before transfer to the treatment site for final treatment and disposal. Various stakeholders are involved in capacity building of emptiers as well as in the transportation, treatment and disposal of fecal sludge in the settlements. Challenges along the stages of the value chain included negative community perceptions and attitudes toward fecal sludge management. Conclusion: The results highlight the need to address the challenges along the chain by involvement of state and non-state actors. Low income areas have high populations and thus contribute huge amounts of fecal sludge. Deliberate efforts to consolidate such data from low income areas will result in availability of data, and informed decision making for stakeholders at national and international levels.
摘要：
简介：为了实现卫生可持续发展目标，各国的目标是增加其公民获得安全管理的卫生服务的机会。安全管理的卫生服务是指不与其他家庭共享的改进的卫生技术，以及处理和处置排泄物的地方；或储存，场外运输和处理。在大多数撒哈拉以南非洲（SSA）国家，厕所和化粪池等现场卫生设施很常见，低收入城市居住区主要使用坑式厕所。然而,关于这些设施污泥管理的文献很少，特别是在中等和新兴城市的低收入定居点。缺乏数据是公共健康的主要障碍，政府和规划机构的发展和规划工作。这项研究特别评估了与遏制有关的环卫价值链的实践和挑战，清空,交通运输,粪便污泥的处理和回收利用。方法：这项研究是在纳库鲁的低收入定居点进行的，肯尼亚的一个二级城市。纳库鲁一半以上的人口生活在低收入地区，其中大多数居民使用坑式厕所。本研究选择了案例研究设计，并使用定性方法收集数据。通过深入访谈和焦点小组讨论收集数据，使用深入访谈指南和焦点小组讨论指南，这些指南对价值链中的卫生做法提出了疑问，挑战,机会可用,和改进建议。分析是通过多次阅读转录本的内容分析来进行的，以了解讨论的流程。此后,编码是通过以下紧急问题完成的，然后确定了类别，这些类别构成了提供定居点FWM实践图片的基础。结果：居住区的现场卫生设施占主导地位，但它们很少，由几个家庭共享。这些设施不干净,由于用户数量众多，他们以快速的速度填补。厕所由使用机械化设备的手动清空者清空，但辅以使用水桶的手动清空。利用大大小小的运输工具将污泥运送到中心收集点,在转移到处理地点进行最终处理和处置之前。各种利益相关者都参与了空车的能力建设以及交通运输，定居点粪便污泥的处理和处置。价值链各个阶段的挑战包括社区对粪便污泥管理的负面看法和态度。结论：结果强调需要通过国家和非国家行为者的参与来应对整个链条上的挑战。低收入地区人口众多，因此产生了大量的粪便污泥。刻意努力合并低收入地区的此类数据将导致数据的可用性，为国家和国际一级的利益攸关方做出知情决策。
