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Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Liveability is a multi-dimensional and hierarchical concept which consists of various criteria and sub-criteria and may be evaluated in different ways. The aim of this study was to systematically review indicators and methods used for the evaluation of urban liveability in literature.
BACKGROUND: The five-stage methodological framework of Arksey and O\'Malley was used to conduct this scoping review. A systematic search of electronic databases, including Scopus, Medline (via PubMed), Embase, Web of Science and EBSCO was done until May 29, 2019. Web searching, searching reference lists and hand searching was also conducted to retrieve more relevant articles. Two reviewers screened the papers for eligibility based on the inclusion criteria and extracted their key data and reported them descriptively.
CONCLUSIONS: Sixty seven (67) out of 3,599 papers met the selection criteria. This review showed five distinct domains considered to be important components of liveability. These were Economical, Environmental, Institutional, Social, and Governance (Political) domains. The most important subdomains (indices) which were frequently applied in various studies were Environmental friendliness and Sustainability, Socio-Cultural Conditions and Economic Vibrancy and Competitiveness. We also identified seven different methodologies and six ranking tools used for assessing urban liveability. Among the quantitative methods, three methods accounted for 89.6% of the articles. These methods were the Analytical hierarchy process and entropy (AHP; n=24; 50%), Factor analysis & Principle Component Analysis (FA & PCA; n=12; 25%) and Spatial Multi-criteria Decision-making Method (Spatial; n=7; 14.6%). Among the ranking tools used, three ranking tools accounted for 65.4% of the articles. These tools were the Livable City Scientific Evaluation Standards (LCSES; n=9; 34.6%), The Global Liveable Cities Index (GLCI; n=4; 15.4%) and the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU; n=4; 15.4%).
CONCLUSIONS: This paper discusses and summarizes the latest indicators and methods used for determining urban liveability. The information offered in the review can help future investigators to decide which method suits their purpose and situation better and measure urban liveability more systematically than before.
BACKGROUND: The five-stage methodological framework of Arksey and O\'Malley was used to conduct this scoping review. A systematic search of electronic databases, including Scopus, Medline (via PubMed), Embase, Web of Science and EBSCO was done until May 29, 2019. Web searching, searching reference lists and hand searching was also conducted to retrieve more relevant articles. Two reviewers screened the papers for eligibility based on the inclusion criteria and extracted their key data and reported them descriptively.
CONCLUSIONS: Sixty seven (67) out of 3,599 papers met the selection criteria. This review showed five distinct domains considered to be important components of liveability. These were Economical, Environmental, Institutional, Social, and Governance (Political) domains. The most important subdomains (indices) which were frequently applied in various studies were Environmental friendliness and Sustainability, Socio-Cultural Conditions and Economic Vibrancy and Competitiveness. We also identified seven different methodologies and six ranking tools used for assessing urban liveability. Among the quantitative methods, three methods accounted for 89.6% of the articles. These methods were the Analytical hierarchy process and entropy (AHP; n=24; 50%), Factor analysis & Principle Component Analysis (FA & PCA; n=12; 25%) and Spatial Multi-criteria Decision-making Method (Spatial; n=7; 14.6%). Among the ranking tools used, three ranking tools accounted for 65.4% of the articles. These tools were the Livable City Scientific Evaluation Standards (LCSES; n=9; 34.6%), The Global Liveable Cities Index (GLCI; n=4; 15.4%) and the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU; n=4; 15.4%).
CONCLUSIONS: This paper discusses and summarizes the latest indicators and methods used for determining urban liveability. The information offered in the review can help future investigators to decide which method suits their purpose and situation better and measure urban liveability more systematically than before.
摘要：
目的：Liveability是一个多维和分层的概念，由各种标准和子标准组成，可以以不同的方式进行评估。这项研究的目的是系统地回顾文献中用于评估城市宜居性的指标和方法。
背景：使用Arksey和O\'Malley的五阶段方法框架进行了这项范围审查。对电子数据库的系统搜索，包括Scopus,Medline（通过PubMed），Embase,WebofScience和EBSCO的工作一直持续到2019年5月29日。Web搜索,还进行了搜索参考列表和手工搜索，以检索更多相关文章。两名审稿人根据入选标准筛选了论文的资格，并提取了他们的关键数据并描述性报告。
结论：3599篇论文中有67篇（67篇）符合选择标准。这篇综述显示了五个不同的领域，被认为是宜居性的重要组成部分。这些是经济的，Environmental,机构，社会,治理（政治）领域。在各种研究中经常应用的最重要的子域（指标）是环境友好性和可持续性，社会文化条件与经济活力和竞争力。我们还确定了用于评估城市宜居性的七种不同方法和六种排名工具。在定量方法中，三种方法占文章的89.6%。这些方法是层次分析法和熵(AHP；n=24；50%)，因子分析和主成分分析(FA&PCA;n=12;25%)和空间多准则决策方法(空间;n=7;14.6%)。在使用的排名工具中，三个排名工具占文章的65.4%。这些工具是宜居城市科学评估标准(LCSES；n=9；34.6%)，全球宜居城市指数(GLCI;n=4;15.4%)和经济学人智库(EIU;n=4;15.4%)。
结论：本文讨论并总结了用于确定城市宜居性的最新指标和方法。审查中提供的信息可以帮助未来的调查人员更好地决定哪种方法适合他们的目的和情况，并比以前更系统地测量城市宜居性。
背景：使用Arksey和O\'Malley的五阶段方法框架进行了这项范围审查。对电子数据库的系统搜索，包括Scopus,Medline（通过PubMed），Embase,WebofScience和EBSCO的工作一直持续到2019年5月29日。Web搜索,还进行了搜索参考列表和手工搜索，以检索更多相关文章。两名审稿人根据入选标准筛选了论文的资格，并提取了他们的关键数据并描述性报告。
结论：3599篇论文中有67篇（67篇）符合选择标准。这篇综述显示了五个不同的领域，被认为是宜居性的重要组成部分。这些是经济的，Environmental,机构，社会,治理（政治）领域。在各种研究中经常应用的最重要的子域（指标）是环境友好性和可持续性，社会文化条件与经济活力和竞争力。我们还确定了用于评估城市宜居性的七种不同方法和六种排名工具。在定量方法中，三种方法占文章的89.6%。这些方法是层次分析法和熵(AHP；n=24；50%)，因子分析和主成分分析(FA&PCA;n=12;25%)和空间多准则决策方法(空间;n=7;14.6%)。在使用的排名工具中，三个排名工具占文章的65.4%。这些工具是宜居城市科学评估标准(LCSES；n=9；34.6%)，全球宜居城市指数(GLCI;n=4;15.4%)和经济学人智库(EIU;n=4;15.4%)。
结论：本文讨论并总结了用于确定城市宜居性的最新指标和方法。审查中提供的信息可以帮助未来的调查人员更好地决定哪种方法适合他们的目的和情况，并比以前更系统地测量城市宜居性。
