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Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Osteophytes are common radiographic markers of osteoarthritis. However, they are not accurately depicted using conventional imaging, thus hampering surgical interventions that rely on pre-operative images. Studies have shown that ultrasound (US) is promising at detecting osteophytes and monitoring the progression of osteoarthritis. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound reconstructions may offer a means to quantify osteophytes. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of osteophyte depiction in the knee joint between 3D US and conventional computed tomography (CT).
METHODS: Eleven human cadaveric knees were pre-screened for the presence of osteophytes. Three osteoarthritic knees were selected, and then, 3D US and CT images were obtained, segmented, and digitally reconstructed in 3D. After dissection, high-resolution structured light scanner (SLS) images of the joint surfaces were obtained. Surface matching and root mean square (RMS) error analyses of surface distances were performed to assess the accuracy of each modality in capturing osteophytes. The RMS errors were compared between 3D US, CT and SLS models.
RESULTS: Average RMS error comparisons for 3D US versus SLS and CT versus SLS models were 0.87 mm ± 0.33 mm (average ± standard deviation) and 0.95 mm ± 0.32 mm, respectively. No statistical difference was found between 3D US and CT. Comparative observations of imaging modalities suggested that 3D US better depicted osteophytes with cartilage and fibrocartilage tissue characteristics compared to CT.
CONCLUSIONS: Using 3D US can improve the depiction of osteophytes with a cartilaginous portion compared to CT. It can also provide useful information about the presence and extent of osteophytes. Whilst algorithm improvements for automatic segmentation and registration of US are needed to provide a more robust investigation of osteophyte depiction accuracy, this investigation puts forward the potential application for 3D US in routine diagnostic evaluations and pre-operative planning of osteoarthritis.
METHODS: Eleven human cadaveric knees were pre-screened for the presence of osteophytes. Three osteoarthritic knees were selected, and then, 3D US and CT images were obtained, segmented, and digitally reconstructed in 3D. After dissection, high-resolution structured light scanner (SLS) images of the joint surfaces were obtained. Surface matching and root mean square (RMS) error analyses of surface distances were performed to assess the accuracy of each modality in capturing osteophytes. The RMS errors were compared between 3D US, CT and SLS models.
RESULTS: Average RMS error comparisons for 3D US versus SLS and CT versus SLS models were 0.87 mm ± 0.33 mm (average ± standard deviation) and 0.95 mm ± 0.32 mm, respectively. No statistical difference was found between 3D US and CT. Comparative observations of imaging modalities suggested that 3D US better depicted osteophytes with cartilage and fibrocartilage tissue characteristics compared to CT.
CONCLUSIONS: Using 3D US can improve the depiction of osteophytes with a cartilaginous portion compared to CT. It can also provide useful information about the presence and extent of osteophytes. Whilst algorithm improvements for automatic segmentation and registration of US are needed to provide a more robust investigation of osteophyte depiction accuracy, this investigation puts forward the potential application for 3D US in routine diagnostic evaluations and pre-operative planning of osteoarthritis.
摘要：
目的：骨赘是骨性关节炎的常见影像学标志。然而,使用常规成像无法准确描绘它们，从而阻碍了依赖于术前图像的手术干预。研究表明，超声（US）在检测骨赘和监测骨关节炎的进展方面很有前途。此外，三维(3D)超声重建可以提供量化骨赘的手段。这项研究的目的是比较3DUS和常规计算机断层扫描（CT）之间膝关节骨赘描绘的准确性。
方法：对11个人类尸体膝盖进行了骨赘的预筛查。选择了三个骨关节炎膝盖，然后,获得了3DUS和CT图像，分段，并以3D进行数字重建。解剖后,获得了关节表面的高分辨率结构光扫描仪（SLS）图像。进行了表面匹配和表面距离的均方根（RMS）误差分析，以评估每种模式捕获骨赘的准确性。比较了3DUS之间的RMS误差，CT和SLS模型。
结果：3DUS与SLS以及CT与SLS模型的平均RMS误差比较分别为0.87mm±0.33mm（平均值±标准偏差）和0.95mm±0.32mm，分别。3DUS和CT之间没有发现统计学差异。成像方式的比较观察表明，与CT相比，3DUS更好地描绘了具有软骨和纤维软骨组织特征的骨赘。
结论：与CT相比，使用3DUS可以改善对软骨部分骨赘的描绘。它还可以提供有关骨赘的存在和程度的有用信息。虽然需要对US的自动分割和配准进行算法改进，以提供更可靠的骨赘描绘准确性研究，这项研究提出了3DUS在骨关节炎的常规诊断评估和术前计划中的潜在应用.
方法：对11个人类尸体膝盖进行了骨赘的预筛查。选择了三个骨关节炎膝盖，然后,获得了3DUS和CT图像，分段，并以3D进行数字重建。解剖后,获得了关节表面的高分辨率结构光扫描仪（SLS）图像。进行了表面匹配和表面距离的均方根（RMS）误差分析，以评估每种模式捕获骨赘的准确性。比较了3DUS之间的RMS误差，CT和SLS模型。
结果：3DUS与SLS以及CT与SLS模型的平均RMS误差比较分别为0.87mm±0.33mm（平均值±标准偏差）和0.95mm±0.32mm，分别。3DUS和CT之间没有发现统计学差异。成像方式的比较观察表明，与CT相比，3DUS更好地描绘了具有软骨和纤维软骨组织特征的骨赘。
结论：与CT相比，使用3DUS可以改善对软骨部分骨赘的描绘。它还可以提供有关骨赘的存在和程度的有用信息。虽然需要对US的自动分割和配准进行算法改进，以提供更可靠的骨赘描绘准确性研究，这项研究提出了3DUS在骨关节炎的常规诊断评估和术前计划中的潜在应用.
