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Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following COVID-19 will likely contribute to protection from reinfection or severe disease. It is therefore important to characterise the initiation and persistence of adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 amidst the ongoing pandemic.
METHODS: Here, we conducted a longitudinal study on hospitalised moderate and severe COVID-19 patients from the acute phase of disease into convalescence at 5 and 9 months post-symptom onset. Utilising flow cytometry, serological assays as well as B cell and T cell FluoroSpot assays, we assessed the magnitude and specificity of humoral and cellular immune responses during and after human SARS-CoV-2 infection.
RESULTS: During acute COVID-19, we observed an increase in germinal centre activity, a substantial expansion of antibody-secreting cells and the generation of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising antibodies. Despite gradually decreasing antibody levels, we show persistent, neutralising antibody titres as well as robust specific memory B cell responses and polyfunctional T cell responses at 5 and 9 months after symptom onset in both moderate and severe COVID-19 patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings describe the initiation and, importantly, persistence of cellular and humoral SARS-CoV-2-specific immunological memory in hospitalised COVID-19 patients long after recovery, likely contributing towards protection against reinfection.
METHODS: Here, we conducted a longitudinal study on hospitalised moderate and severe COVID-19 patients from the acute phase of disease into convalescence at 5 and 9 months post-symptom onset. Utilising flow cytometry, serological assays as well as B cell and T cell FluoroSpot assays, we assessed the magnitude and specificity of humoral and cellular immune responses during and after human SARS-CoV-2 infection.
RESULTS: During acute COVID-19, we observed an increase in germinal centre activity, a substantial expansion of antibody-secreting cells and the generation of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising antibodies. Despite gradually decreasing antibody levels, we show persistent, neutralising antibody titres as well as robust specific memory B cell responses and polyfunctional T cell responses at 5 and 9 months after symptom onset in both moderate and severe COVID-19 patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings describe the initiation and, importantly, persistence of cellular and humoral SARS-CoV-2-specific immunological memory in hospitalised COVID-19 patients long after recovery, likely contributing towards protection against reinfection.
摘要：
目的：COVID-19后对SARS-CoV-2的体液和细胞免疫可能有助于防止再感染或严重疾病。因此,在正在进行的大流行中表征对SARS-CoV-2的适应性免疫的启动和持续是重要的。
方法：这里，我们对住院的中重度COVID-19患者进行了一项纵向研究,这些患者从疾病急性期到症状发作后5个月和9个月的恢复期.利用流式细胞术，血清学测定以及B细胞和T细胞荧光斑点测定，我们评估了人类SARS-CoV-2感染期间和之后体液和细胞免疫反应的大小和特异性。
结果：在急性COVID-19期间，我们观察到生发中心活性增加，抗体分泌细胞的大量扩增和SARS-CoV-2中和抗体的产生。尽管抗体水平逐渐下降，我们表现出坚持不懈，在中度和重度COVID-19患者症状发作后5个月和9个月，中和抗体滴度以及稳健的特异性记忆B细胞反应和多功能T细胞反应。
结论：我们的发现描述了启动和，重要的是,住院的COVID-19患者在康复后很长时间内持续存在细胞和体液SARS-CoV-2特异性免疫记忆，可能有助于防止再感染。
方法：这里，我们对住院的中重度COVID-19患者进行了一项纵向研究,这些患者从疾病急性期到症状发作后5个月和9个月的恢复期.利用流式细胞术，血清学测定以及B细胞和T细胞荧光斑点测定，我们评估了人类SARS-CoV-2感染期间和之后体液和细胞免疫反应的大小和特异性。
结果：在急性COVID-19期间，我们观察到生发中心活性增加，抗体分泌细胞的大量扩增和SARS-CoV-2中和抗体的产生。尽管抗体水平逐渐下降，我们表现出坚持不懈，在中度和重度COVID-19患者症状发作后5个月和9个月，中和抗体滴度以及稳健的特异性记忆B细胞反应和多功能T细胞反应。
结论：我们的发现描述了启动和，重要的是,住院的COVID-19患者在康复后很长时间内持续存在细胞和体液SARS-CoV-2特异性免疫记忆，可能有助于防止再感染。
