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Abstract：
The rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) has substantially contributed in making India self-sufficient in food grain production; however, rice residue management is of great concern, threatening the sustainability of this system. Rice residue is invariably disposed of by farmers through open burning. In addition to environmental pollution, residue burning of rice also leads to loss of soil nutrients. One of the alternatives to overcome these problems and sustain the RWCS is managing the rice residues in the field itself. Rice residue retention has variable effects on agricultural pests (namely, weeds, insect pests, diseases, and rodents) in the RWCS. High weed infestation in the RWCS results in high consumption of herbicides, which leads to several ecological problems and evolution of herbicide resistance. The shift from intensive tillage to conservation tillage causes major changes in weed dynamics and herbicide efficacy. Incorporation of rice residue reduces weed density and helps in improving soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Rice residue retention on the surface or mulching reduces weed density and the biomass of both grass and broadleaf weeds in wheat crop as compared to its removal. Long-term field studies involving the use of rice residue as a component of integrated weed management strategies are needed to be done in the RWCS.
摘要：
稻麦种植系统（RWCS）为使印度在粮食生产方面实现自给自足做出了重大贡献；但是，稻渣管理备受关注，威胁到这个系统的可持续性。稻渣总是由农民通过露天燃烧处理。除了环境污染,稻米残烧也会导致土壤养分流失。克服这些问题并维持RWCS的替代方法之一是管理田地中的大米残留物。水稻残留物保留对农业害虫有不同的影响(即，杂草,害虫,疾病,和啮齿动物）在RWCS中。RWCS中的高杂草侵扰导致除草剂的高消耗，这导致了几个生态问题和除草剂抗性的演变。从强耕到保护性耕作的转变导致杂草动力学和除草剂功效的重大变化。稻渣的掺入降低了杂草密度，有助于改善土壤物理，化学,和生物学特性。与去除小麦作物相比，稻米残留物保留在表面或覆盖物上降低了杂草密度以及草和阔叶杂草的生物量。需要在RWCS中进行涉及使用稻渣作为综合杂草管理策略组成部分的长期田间研究。
