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Abstract：
Parabens are one of the most widely used preservatives in food, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PCPs) because of their advantageous properties and low toxicity based on the early assessments. However, recent research indicates that parabens may act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and thus, are considered as chemicals of emerging concern that have adverse human health effects. To provide the basis for future human health studies, we reviewed relevant literature, published between 2005 and 2020, regarding the levels of parabens in the consumer products (pharmaceuticals, PCPs and food), environmental matrices and humans, including susceptible populations, such as pregnant women and children. The analysis showed that paraben detection rates in consumer products, environmental compartments and human populations are high, while the levels vary greatly by country and paraben type. The concentrations of parabens reported in pregnant women (~20-120 μg/L) were an order of magnitude higher than in the general population. Paraben concentrations in food and pharmaceuticals were at the ng/g level, while the levels in PCPs reached mg/g levels. Environmental concentrations ranged from ng/L-μg/L in surface waters to tens of μg/g in wastewater and indoor dust. The levels of human exposure to parabens appear to be higher in the U.S. and EU countries than in China and India, which may change with the increasing production of parabens in the latter countries. The review provides context for future studies to connect paraben exposure levels with human health effects.
摘要：
对羟基苯甲酸酯是食品中使用最广泛的防腐剂之一，药物和个人护理产品（PCP），因为它们的有利性质和低毒性，基于早期评估。然而,最近的研究表明，对羟基苯甲酸酯可能作为内分泌干扰化学物质（EDC），因此，被认为是对人类健康产生不利影响的新兴化学物质。为今后的人类健康研究提供依据,我们回顾了相关文献，2005年至2020年发表的，关于消费品中对羟基苯甲酸酯的水平(药品，PCP和食品），环境矩阵和人类，包括易感人群，如孕妇和儿童。分析表明，对羟基苯甲酸酯在消费品中的检出率，环境区隔和人口都很高，而水平因国家和对羟基苯甲酸酯类型而异。孕妇中报告的对羟基苯甲酸酯浓度（〜20-120μg/L）比普通人群高一个数量级。对羟基苯甲酸酯在食品和药品中的浓度在ng/g水平，而PCPs中的水平达到mg/g水平。环境浓度范围从地表水中的ng/L-μg/L到废水和室内灰尘中的数十μg/g。在美国和欧盟国家，人体对羟基苯甲酸酯的暴露水平似乎高于中国和印度，这可能会随着后者国家对羟基苯甲酸酯产量的增加而改变。该综述为未来研究提供了背景，以将对羟基苯甲酸酯暴露水平与人类健康影响联系起来。
