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Abstract：
Human livelihood highly depends on applying different sources of energy whose utilization is associated with air pollution. On the other hand, air pollution may be associated with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) development. Unlike other environmental causes of cancer (e.g., irradiation), air pollution cannot efficiently be controlled by geographical borders, regulations, and policies. The unavoidable exposure to air pollution can modify cancer incidence and mortality. GBM treatment with chemotherapy or even its surgical removal has proven insufficient (100% recurrence rate; patient\'s survival mean of 15 months; 90% fatality within five years) due to glioma infiltrative and migratory capacities. Given the barrage of attention and research investments currently plowed into next-generation cancer therapy, oncolytic viruses are perhaps the most vigorously pursued. Provision of an insight into the current state of the research and future direction is essential for stimulating new ideas with the potentials of filling research gaps. This review manuscript aims to overview types of brain cancer, their burden, and different causative agents. It also describes why air pollution is becoming a concerning factor. The different opinions on the association of air pollution with brain cancer are reviewed. It tries to address the significant controversy in this field by hypothesizing the air-pollution-brain-cancer association via inflammation and atopic conditions. The last section of this review deals with the oncolytic viruses, which have been used in, or are still under clinical trials for GBM treatment. Engineered adenoviruses (i.e., DNX-2401, DNX-2440, CRAd8-S-pk7 loaded Neural stem cells), herpes simplex virus type 1 (i.e., HSV-1 C134, HSV-1 rQNestin34.5v.2, HSV-1 G207, HSV-1 M032), measles virus (i.e., MV-CEA), parvovirus (i.e., ParvOryx), poliovirus (i.e., Poliovirus PVSRIPO), reovirus (i.e., pelareorep), moloney murine leukemia virus (i.e., Toca 511 vector), and vaccinia virus (i.e., vaccinia virus TG6002) as possible life-changing alleviations for GBM have been discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first review that comprehensively discusses both (i) the negative/positive association of air pollution with GBM; and (ii) the application of oncolytic viruses for GBM, including the most recent advances and clinical trials. It is also the first review that addresses the controversies over air pollution and brain cancer association. We believe that the article will significantly appeal to a broad readership of virologists, oncologists, neurologists, environmentalists, and those who work in the field of (bio)energy. Policymakers may also use it to establish better health policies and regulations about air pollution and (bio)fuels exploration, production, and consumption.
摘要：
人类的生计在很大程度上取决于使用与空气污染有关的不同能源。另一方面,空气污染可能与多形性胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）的发展有关。与癌症的其他环境因素不同(例如，辐照)，空气污染无法由地理边界有效控制，法规,和政策。不可避免地暴露于空气污染可以改变癌症的发病率和死亡率。由于神经胶质瘤的浸润和迁移能力，使用化疗甚至手术切除的GBM治疗已被证明是不够的（复发率为100％；患者的平均生存期为15个月；五年内死亡率为90％）。考虑到目前对下一代癌症治疗的关注和研究投资，溶瘤病毒可能是最积极的追求。提供对研究现状和未来方向的洞察对于激发具有填补研究空白潜力的新想法至关重要。这篇综述手稿旨在概述脑癌的类型，他们的负担,和不同的病原体。它还描述了为什么空气污染正在成为一个令人担忧的因素。综述了关于空气污染与脑癌关系的不同观点。它试图通过假设炎症和特应性条件下的空气污染-脑癌关联来解决这一领域的重大争议。这篇综述的最后一部分涉及溶瘤病毒，已被用于，或仍在GBM治疗的临床试验中。工程化腺病毒(即，DNX-2401，DNX-2440，CRAd8-S-pk7负载神经干细胞），单纯疱疹病毒1型(即，HSV-1C134,HSV-1rQNestin34.5v.2,HSV-1G207,HSV-1M032),麻疹病毒(即，MV-CEA),细小病毒(即，ParvOryx)，脊髓灰质炎病毒(即，脊髓灰质炎病毒PVSRIPO)，呼肠孤病毒(即，pelareorep)，莫洛尼鼠白血病病毒(即，Toca511矢量)，和牛痘病毒(即，已经讨论了牛痘病毒TG6002）作为可能改变GBM的生活缓解。据我们所知,这篇综述是第一次全面讨论（i）空气污染与GBM的负/正相关；（ii）溶瘤病毒在GBM中的应用，包括最近的进展和临床试验。这也是第一篇针对空气污染和脑癌关联争议的评论。我们相信，这篇文章将极大地吸引病毒学家的广泛读者，肿瘤学家,神经学家,环保主义者,以及那些在（生物）能源领域工作的人。政策制定者也可以利用它来建立更好的关于空气污染和（生物）燃料勘探的健康政策和法规，生产,和消费。
