PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Rapid economic development has caused industrial expansion into residential communities, leading to higher fecal pollution loads that could be discharged into aquatic environments. However, little is known regarding the potential microbial impact on human health. This study investigated microbial contamination from coastal industrial-residential community areas in nine sampling sites in waterways during three dry events. A general microbial source tracking (MST) marker, GenBac3, was detected in all samples from all three events, indicating continuing fecal pollution in the area, mostly from human sewage contamination. This was shown by the human-specific genetic marker crAssphage (88.9%) and human polyomavirus (HPyVs; 92.6%) detection. Enteric human adenovirus (HAdV40/41) showed three positive results only from residential sites in the first event. No spatial difference was observed for MST markers and traditional fecal indicators (total coliforms and Escherichia coli) in each event. Still, a significantly lower abundance of GenBac3, HPyVs, and total coliforms in the first sampling event was detected. Spearman\'s rho analysis indicated a strong correlation among certain pairs of microbial parameters. Multivariate analysis revealed two clusters of samples separated by land use type (industrial vs. residential). According to factor analysis of mixed data, the land use parameter was more associated with physicochemical parameters (i.e., salinity, conductivity, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen). A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was then conducted to estimate the annual infection risks of HAdV40/41 for non-potable water reuse purposes using predicted concentrations from crAssphage and HPyVs. The highest risks (95th percentiles) were ranked by food crop irrigation, aquaculture, and toilet flushing, at 10-1, 10-2, and 10-3 per person per year (pppy). Required treatment levels to achieve a 10-4 pppy annual infection risk were estimated. QMRA-based water treatment scenarios were suggested, including chlorination for toilet flushing reuse and depth filtration prior to chlorination for aquaculture and food crop irrigation. Microbial monitoring combined with a QMRA could provide better insights into fecal pollution patterns and the associated risks, facilitating effective water quality management and appropriate prior treatments for water reuse.
摘要：
经济的快速发展使工业向住宅小区扩张,导致更高的粪便污染负荷，可能会排放到水生环境中。然而,人们对微生物对人类健康的潜在影响知之甚少。这项研究调查了在三个干旱事件中，在9个水道采样点的沿海工业-住宅小区区域的微生物污染。一般的微生物源跟踪（MST）标记，在所有三个事件的所有样品中检测到GenBac3，表明该地区持续的粪便污染，主要来自人类污水污染。人类特异性遗传标记crAssphage（88.9％）和人类多瘤病毒（HPyVs;92.6％）检测表明了这一点。肠人类腺病毒(HAdV40/41)在第一事件中仅从居住地点显示三个阳性结果。在每个事件中，MST标记和传统粪便指标（总大肠杆菌和大肠杆菌）均未观察到空间差异。尽管如此，GenBac3，HPyVs的丰度显着降低，并在第一次采样事件中检测到总大肠杆菌。Spearman的rho分析表明，某些对微生物参数之间存在很强的相关性。多变量分析显示，按土地利用类型划分的两个样本集群(工业与住宅)。根据混合数据的因子分析，土地利用参数与物理化学参数更相关(即，盐度,电导率，水温,和溶解氧）。然后进行了定量微生物风险评估（QMRA），以使用crAssphage和HPyVs的预测浓度来估算HAdV40/41用于非饮用水再利用目的的年度感染风险。最高风险(第95百分位数)按粮食作物灌溉排名，水产养殖,和厕所冲洗，每人每年10-1、10-2和10-3(pppy)。估计了达到10-4pppy年感染风险所需的治疗水平。提出了基于QMRA的水处理方案，包括用于厕所冲洗再利用的氯化和用于水产养殖和粮食作物灌溉的氯化之前的深度过滤。微生物监测与QMRA相结合可以更好地了解粪便污染模式和相关风险，促进有效的水质管理和适当的水回用预先处理。
