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Abstract：
Millions of experimental animals are widely used in the assessment of toxicological or biological effects of manufactured nanomaterials in medical technology. However, the animal consciousness has increased and become an issue for debate in recent years. Currently, the principle of the 3Rs (i.e., reduction, refinement, and replacement) is applied to ensure the more ethical application of humane animal research. In order to avoid unethical procedures, the strategy of alternatives to animal testing has been employed to overcome the drawbacks of animal experiments. This article provides current alternative strategies to replace or reduce the use of experimental animals in the assessment of nanotoxicity. The currently available alternative methods include in vitro and in silico approaches, which can be used as cost-effective approaches to meet the principle of the 3Rs. These methods are regarded as non-animal approaches and have been implemented in many countries for scientific purposes. The in vitro experiments related to nanotoxicity assays involve cell culture testing and tissue engineering, while the in silico methods refer to prediction using molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling. The commonly used novel cell-based methods and computational approaches have the potential to help minimize the use of experimental animals for nanomaterial toxicity assessments.
摘要：
数以百万计的实验动物被广泛用于评估医疗技术中人造纳米材料的毒理学或生物学效应。然而,近年来，动物意识已经增强，并成为一个值得争论的问题。目前,3Rs的原则(即，reduction,精致,和替换）的应用，以确保更道德的人道动物研究的应用。为了避免不道德的程序，替代动物试验的策略已被用来克服动物试验的缺点。本文提供了当前替代策略，以替代或减少在评估纳米毒性中使用实验动物。目前可用的替代方法包括体外和计算机模拟方法，这可以作为符合3R原则的成本效益高的方法。这些方法被视为非动物方法，并已在许多国家实施用于科学目的。与纳米毒性测定相关的体外实验涉及细胞培养测试和组织工程，而计算机模拟方法是指使用分子对接进行预测，分子动力学模拟，和定量结构-活性关系(QSAR)建模。常用的新的基于细胞的方法和计算方法有可能帮助减少使用实验动物进行纳米材料毒性评估。
