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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Managing resistance to phosphine (PH3 ) in rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, is challenging, as strongly resistant insects of this species require very high concentrations over lengthy exposure periods (>10 days). Recently, approaches that enhance the efficacy of PH3 have gained momentum to control this pest, especially co-fumigations. In this study, efficacy of co-fumigating PH3 with another commercially available fumigant, sulfuryl fluoride (SF), has been evaluated against adults and eggs of two PH3 -resistant strains of C. ferrugineus. Concentrations of the mixture, representing lower than current application rates of both fumigants, were tested towards its field use.
RESULTS: Co-fumigation of PH3 with SF was achieved in two patterns: over a continuous exposure period of 168 h simultaneously and sequentially over two periods of 78 h, in which insects were exposed to SF first followed by PH3 with 12 h aeration in-between. Results of simultaneous fumigations identified two effective co-fumigation rates, SF 185 + PH3 168 g hm-3 and SF 370 + PH3 84 g hm-3 that yielded complete control of adults and eggs. These two rates also were equally effective when they were applied sequentially and produced consistent results. Irrespective of application methods, concentrations of both PH3 and SF failed individually in achieving complete mortality of either adults or eggs or both.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed that a co-fumigation strategy involving half the current standard rate of PH3 (84 g hm-3 ) with one-fourth of the current maximal registered rate of SF (370 g hm-3 ) can provide effective control of strongly PH3 -resistant C. ferrugineus.
RESULTS: Co-fumigation of PH3 with SF was achieved in two patterns: over a continuous exposure period of 168 h simultaneously and sequentially over two periods of 78 h, in which insects were exposed to SF first followed by PH3 with 12 h aeration in-between. Results of simultaneous fumigations identified two effective co-fumigation rates, SF 185 + PH3 168 g hm-3 and SF 370 + PH3 84 g hm-3 that yielded complete control of adults and eggs. These two rates also were equally effective when they were applied sequentially and produced consistent results. Irrespective of application methods, concentrations of both PH3 and SF failed individually in achieving complete mortality of either adults or eggs or both.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed that a co-fumigation strategy involving half the current standard rate of PH3 (84 g hm-3 ) with one-fourth of the current maximal registered rate of SF (370 g hm-3 ) can provide effective control of strongly PH3 -resistant C. ferrugineus.
摘要：
背景：在生锈的谷物甲虫中管理对磷化氢（PH3）的抗性，隐伏虫,具有挑战性，由于该物种的强抗性昆虫在长时间的暴露期（>10天）内需要非常高的浓度。最近,增强PH3功效的方法已经获得了控制这种害虫的动力，尤其是共同熏蒸。在这项研究中,与另一种市售熏蒸剂共熏蒸PH3的功效，磺酰氟（SF），已针对两种耐PH3的C.ferruginus菌株的成虫和卵进行了评估。混合物的浓度，代表两种熏蒸剂的施用率低于目前的施用率，对其现场使用进行了测试。
结果：以两种方式实现了PH3与SF的共熏蒸：在连续168小时的连续暴露期间，同时和顺序地在两个78小时的时间段内，其中昆虫首先暴露于SF，然后暴露于PH3，其间曝气12小时。同时熏蒸的结果确定了两种有效的共熏蒸率，SF185PH3168ghm-3和SF370PH384ghm-3可完全控制成虫和卵。这两种速率在依次应用时也同样有效,并产生一致的结果。无论使用方法如何，PH3和SF的浓度均未能单独实现成人或卵子或两者的完全死亡.
结论：我们的结果证实，共熏蒸策略涉及PH3当前标准率的一半（84ghm-3）和SF当前最大注册率的四分之一（370ghm-3）可以有效控制强PH3抗性C。
结果：以两种方式实现了PH3与SF的共熏蒸：在连续168小时的连续暴露期间，同时和顺序地在两个78小时的时间段内，其中昆虫首先暴露于SF，然后暴露于PH3，其间曝气12小时。同时熏蒸的结果确定了两种有效的共熏蒸率，SF185PH3168ghm-3和SF370PH384ghm-3可完全控制成虫和卵。这两种速率在依次应用时也同样有效,并产生一致的结果。无论使用方法如何，PH3和SF的浓度均未能单独实现成人或卵子或两者的完全死亡.
结论：我们的结果证实，共熏蒸策略涉及PH3当前标准率的一半（84ghm-3）和SF当前最大注册率的四分之一（370ghm-3）可以有效控制强PH3抗性C。
