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Abstract：
The enteric nervous system (ENS) constitutes the largest part of the peripheral nervous system. In recent years, ENS development and its neurogenetic capacity in homeostasis and allostasishave gained increasing attention. Developmentally, the neural precursors of the ENS are mainly derived from vagal and sacral neural crest cell portions. Furthermore, Schwann cell precursors, as well as endodermal pancreatic progenitors, participate in ENS formation. Neural precursorsenherite three subpopulations: a bipotent neuron-glia, a neuronal-fated and a glial-fated subpopulation. Typically, enteric neural precursors migrate along the entire bowel to the anal end, chemoattracted by glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and endothelin 3 (EDN3) molecules. During migration, a fraction undergoes differentiation into neurons and glial cells. Differentiation is regulated by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), Hedgehog and Notch signalling. The fully formed adult ENS may react to injury and damage with neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Nevertheless, the origin of differentiating cells is currently under debate. Putative candidates are an embryonic-like enteric neural progenitor population, Schwann cell precursors and transdifferentiating glial cells. These cells can be isolated and propagated in culture as adult ENS progenitors and may be used for cell transplantation therapies for treating enteric aganglionosis in Chagas and Hirschsprung\'s diseases.
摘要：
肠神经系统(ENS)构成周围神经系统的最大部分。近年来,ENS的发育及其在稳态和异位症中的神经遗传能力受到越来越多的关注。发展,ENS的神经前体主要来自迷走神经和骶骨神经c细胞部分。此外，施万细胞前体，以及内胚层胰腺祖细胞，参与ENS的形成。神经前体结合了三个亚群：双能神经元-神经胶质，神经元命运和神经胶质命运的亚群。通常,肠神经前体沿着整个肠道迁移到肛门末端，神经胶质细胞源性神经营养因子（GDNF）和内皮素3（EDN3）分子的化学吸引。在迁移过程中,一部分经历分化为神经元和神经胶质细胞。分化是由骨形态发生蛋白（BMP），刺猬和Notch信号。完全形成的成年ENS可能对神经发生和神经胶质发生的损伤和损伤作出反应。然而，分化细胞的起源目前正在争论中。推定的候选者是胚胎样肠神经祖细胞群，雪旺氏细胞前体和转分化神经胶质细胞。这些细胞可以作为成年ENS祖细胞在培养中分离和繁殖，并可用于细胞移植疗法，以治疗恰加斯和赫氏弹簧病的肠神经节病。
