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Abstract：
Biomineralization of skeletal components (e.g., bone and teeth) is generally accepted to occur under strict cellular regulation, leading to mineral-organic composites with hierarchical structures and properties optimized for their designated function. Such cellular regulation includes promoting mineralization at desired sites as well as inhibiting mineralization in soft tissues and other undesirable locations. In contrast, pathological mineralization, with potentially harmful health effects, can occur as a result of tissue or metabolic abnormalities, disease, or implantation of certain biomaterials. This progress report defines mineralization pathway components and identifies the commonalities (and differences) between physiological (e.g., bone remodeling) and pathological calcification formation pathways, based, in part, upon the extent of cellular control within the system. These concepts are discussed in representative examples of calcium phosphate-based pathological mineralization in cancer (breast, thyroid, ovarian, and meningioma) and in cardiovascular disease. In-depth mechanistic understanding of pathological mineralization requires utilizing state-of-the-art materials science imaging and characterization techniques, focusing not only on the final deposits, but also on the earlier stages of crystal nucleation, growth, and aggregation. Such mechanistic understanding will further enable the use of pathological calcifications in diagnosis and prognosis, as well as possibly provide insights into preventative treatments for detrimental mineralization in disease.
摘要：
骨骼成分的生物矿化(例如，骨骼和牙齿）通常被认为是在严格的细胞调节下发生的，导致具有针对其指定功能优化的层次结构和性能的矿物有机复合材料。这种细胞调节包括促进所需部位的矿化以及抑制软组织和其它不希望的部位的矿化。相比之下,病理性矿化，具有潜在的有害健康影响，可能由于组织或代谢异常而发生，疾病,或植入某些生物材料。本进展报告定义了矿化途径的组成部分，并确定了生理(例如，骨重建)和病理性钙化形成途径，基于,在某种程度上,取决于系统内细胞控制的程度。这些概念在癌症中基于磷酸钙的病理矿化的代表性示例中进行了讨论（乳腺癌，甲状腺，卵巢,和脑膜瘤）和心血管疾病。对病理矿化的深入机械理解需要利用最先进的材料科学成像和表征技术，不仅关注最终的矿床，而且在晶体成核的早期阶段，增长,和聚合。这种机制的理解将进一步使病理钙化在诊断和预后中的应用成为可能。以及可能提供对疾病中有害矿化的预防性治疗的见解。
