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Abstract：
Mesocosms are real-world environmental science tools for bridging the gap between laboratory-scale experiments and actual habitat studies on ecosystem complexities. These experiments are increasingly being applied in understanding the complex impacts of heavy metals, ocean acidification, global warming, and oil spills. The insights of the present review indicate how metals and metal-bound activities impact on various aspects of ecological complexities like prey predator cues, growth, embryonic development, and reproduction. Plankton and benthos are used more often over fish and microbes owing to their smaller size, faster reproduction, amenability, and repeatability during mesocosm experiments. The results of ocean acidification reveal calcification of plankton, corals, alteration of pelagic structures, and plankton blooms. The subtle effect of oil spills is amplified on sediment microorganisms, primary producers, and crustaceans. An overview of the mesocosm designs over the years indicates that gradual changes have evolved in the type, size, design, composition, parameters, methodology employed, and the outputs obtained. Most of the pelagic and benthic mesocosm designs involve consideration of interactions within the water columns, between water and sediments, trophic levels, and nutrient rivalry. Mesocosm structures are built considering physical processes (tidal currents, turbulence, inner cycling of nutrients, thermal stratification, and mixing), biological complexities (population, community, and ecosystem) using appropriate filling containers, and sampling facilities that employ inert materials. The principle of design is easy transportation, mooring, deployment, and free floating structures besides addressing the unique ecosystem-based science problems. The evolution of the mesocosm tools helps in understanding further advancement of techniques and their applications in marine ecosystems.
摘要：
中观宇宙是现实世界的环境科学工具，用于弥合实验室规模的实验与生态系统复杂性的实际栖息地研究之间的差距。这些实验越来越多地用于理解重金属的复杂影响，海洋酸化,全球变暖,和漏油。本综述的见解表明金属和金属结合活动如何影响生态复杂性的各个方面，例如猎物捕食者线索，增长,胚胎发育,和繁殖。浮游生物和底栖动物由于尺寸较小而更常被用于鱼类和微生物，更快的繁殖，可调节性，和中观实验的可重复性。海洋酸化结果表明浮游生物钙化，珊瑚,中上层结构的改变，浮游生物开花。漏油对沉积物微生物的微妙影响被放大，初级生产者,和甲壳类动物.多年来对中观设计的概述表明，类型已经逐渐发生变化，尺寸,设计,composition,参数,采用的方法，以及获得的输出。大多数中上层和底栖中观设计都考虑到水柱内的相互作用，在水和沉积物之间，营养水平，营养竞争。考虑物理过程(潮流，湍流,营养素的内部循环，热分层，和混合)，生物复杂性(人口，社区,和生态系统)使用适当的灌装容器，以及采用惰性材料的取样设施。设计的原则是方便运输，系泊,部署,和自由漂浮结构，除了解决独特的基于生态系统的科学问题。中观宇宙工具的演变有助于了解技术的进一步发展及其在海洋生态系统中的应用。
