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Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: To describe an approach for ethmoidal nerve block (EBLOCK) and to compare the effects of a maxillary nerve block (MBLOCK), EBLOCK and their combination (M-EBLOCK) on heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), mean (MAP), diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures and respiratory rate (fR) during nasal stimulation in dogs.
METHODS: Prospective, blinded, randomized, crossover placebo-controlled study.
METHODS: Beagle dogs (five cadavers, nine live dogs), with a median (interquartile range) weight of 10.5 (10.3-11.0) kg.
METHODS: The accuracy of iohexol injections (each 1 mL) at the maxillary and ethmoidal foramina in cadavers was evaluated using computed tomography. Then, anesthetized dogs were administered four bilateral treatments separated by 1 week, saline or 2% lidocaine 1 mL per injection: injections of saline at the maxillary and ethmoidal foramina (Control), injections of lidocaine at the maxillary foramina and saline at the ethmoidal foramina (MBLOCK), injections of saline at the maxillary foramina and lidocaine at the ethmoidal foramina (EBLOCK) and injections of lidocaine at all foramina (M-EBLOCK). The ventral nasal meatus was bilaterally stimulated using cotton swabs, and HR, SAP, MAP, DAP and fR were continuously recorded. Values for each variable were compared before and after stimulation using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Changes in variables among treatments were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p ≤ 0.05).
RESULTS: Computed tomography revealed iohexol distribution around the openings of the target foramina in all cadavers. In living dogs, HR, SAP, MAP, DAP and fR significantly increased after stimulation within each treatment (p < 0.03). Physiologic responses were significantly attenuated, but not absent, in the M-EBLOCK [HR (p = 0.019), SAP, MAP, DAP and fR (all p ≤ 0.001)] compared with those in the Control.
CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent injections of lidocaine at the maxillary and ethmoidal foramina attenuated HR, arterial pressure and fR responses to nasal stimulation in Beagle dogs.
METHODS: Prospective, blinded, randomized, crossover placebo-controlled study.
METHODS: Beagle dogs (five cadavers, nine live dogs), with a median (interquartile range) weight of 10.5 (10.3-11.0) kg.
METHODS: The accuracy of iohexol injections (each 1 mL) at the maxillary and ethmoidal foramina in cadavers was evaluated using computed tomography. Then, anesthetized dogs were administered four bilateral treatments separated by 1 week, saline or 2% lidocaine 1 mL per injection: injections of saline at the maxillary and ethmoidal foramina (Control), injections of lidocaine at the maxillary foramina and saline at the ethmoidal foramina (MBLOCK), injections of saline at the maxillary foramina and lidocaine at the ethmoidal foramina (EBLOCK) and injections of lidocaine at all foramina (M-EBLOCK). The ventral nasal meatus was bilaterally stimulated using cotton swabs, and HR, SAP, MAP, DAP and fR were continuously recorded. Values for each variable were compared before and after stimulation using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Changes in variables among treatments were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p ≤ 0.05).
RESULTS: Computed tomography revealed iohexol distribution around the openings of the target foramina in all cadavers. In living dogs, HR, SAP, MAP, DAP and fR significantly increased after stimulation within each treatment (p < 0.03). Physiologic responses were significantly attenuated, but not absent, in the M-EBLOCK [HR (p = 0.019), SAP, MAP, DAP and fR (all p ≤ 0.001)] compared with those in the Control.
CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent injections of lidocaine at the maxillary and ethmoidal foramina attenuated HR, arterial pressure and fR responses to nasal stimulation in Beagle dogs.
摘要：
目的：描述筛神经阻滞（EBLOCK）的方法，并比较上颌神经阻滞（MBLOCK）的效果，EBLOCK及其组合（M-EBLOCK）对心率（HR），收缩压（SAP），平均（MAP），犬鼻刺激时的舒张压（DAP）动脉压和呼吸频率（fR）。
方法：前瞻性，失明,随机化，交叉安慰剂对照研究。
方法：比格犬（五具尸体，九只活狗)，中位数（四分位数范围）重量为10.5（10.3-11.0）kg。
方法：使用计算机断层扫描评估了在尸体上颌孔和筛孔处注射碘海醇（每次1mL）的准确性。然后，麻醉的狗分别进行了四次双侧治疗，间隔1周，每次注射生理盐水或2％利多卡因1mL：在上颌和筛孔注射生理盐水（对照），在上颌孔处注射利多卡因，在筛孔处注射生理盐水（MBLOCK），在上颌孔处注射生理盐水，在筛孔处注射利多卡因（EBLOCK），在所有孔处注射利多卡因（M-EBLOCK）。使用棉签双侧刺激腹侧鼻道，HR,SAP,MAP,连续记录DAP和fR。使用Wilcoxon符号秩检验比较刺激前后每个变量的值。使用Mann-WhitneyU和Kruskal-Wallis检验分析治疗之间变量的变化（p≤0.05）。
结果：计算机断层扫描显示所有尸体中目标孔开口周围的碘海醇分布。在活着的狗中，HR,SAP,MAP,DAP和fR在每次治疗中刺激后显著增加(p<0.03)。生理反应显着减弱，但不是缺席，在M-EBLOCK[HR(p=0.019)中，SAP,MAP,DAP和fR(所有p≤0.001)]与对照中的比较。
结论：在上颌孔和筛孔同时注射利多卡因可减弱HR，Beagle犬对鼻刺激的动脉压和fR反应。
方法：前瞻性，失明,随机化，交叉安慰剂对照研究。
方法：比格犬（五具尸体，九只活狗)，中位数（四分位数范围）重量为10.5（10.3-11.0）kg。
方法：使用计算机断层扫描评估了在尸体上颌孔和筛孔处注射碘海醇（每次1mL）的准确性。然后，麻醉的狗分别进行了四次双侧治疗，间隔1周，每次注射生理盐水或2％利多卡因1mL：在上颌和筛孔注射生理盐水（对照），在上颌孔处注射利多卡因，在筛孔处注射生理盐水（MBLOCK），在上颌孔处注射生理盐水，在筛孔处注射利多卡因（EBLOCK），在所有孔处注射利多卡因（M-EBLOCK）。使用棉签双侧刺激腹侧鼻道，HR,SAP,MAP,连续记录DAP和fR。使用Wilcoxon符号秩检验比较刺激前后每个变量的值。使用Mann-WhitneyU和Kruskal-Wallis检验分析治疗之间变量的变化（p≤0.05）。
结果：计算机断层扫描显示所有尸体中目标孔开口周围的碘海醇分布。在活着的狗中，HR,SAP,MAP,DAP和fR在每次治疗中刺激后显著增加(p<0.03)。生理反应显着减弱，但不是缺席，在M-EBLOCK[HR(p=0.019)中，SAP,MAP,DAP和fR(所有p≤0.001)]与对照中的比较。
结论：在上颌孔和筛孔同时注射利多卡因可减弱HR，Beagle犬对鼻刺激的动脉压和fR反应。
