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Abstract：
Weedy rice is a representative of the extensive group of feral weeds that derive from crops, but has returned to the lifestyle of a wild species. These weeds develop either from a hybridization of crops with wild relatives (exoferality), or by mutation of crops to weedy forms (endoferality). Due to the close relation of weed and crop, the methods for weed-targeted containment are limited to date. A deeper understanding of the development of such weeds might help to design more efficient and sustainable approaches for weed management. Weedy rice poses a serious threat to rice yields worldwide. It is widely accepted that weedy rice has originated independently in different regions all over the world. However, details of its evolution have remained elusive. In the current study, we investigated the history of weedy rice in northern Italy, the most important rice-growing area in Europe. Our approach was to analyze genes related to weedy traits (SD1, sh4, Rc) in weedy rice accessions compared to cultivars, and to integrate these results with phenotypic and physiological data, as well as historical information about rice farming in Italy. We arrive at a working model for the timeline of evolution of weedy rice in Italy indicating that both exoferality and endoferality acted as forces driving the development of the diverse weedy rice populations found in the region today. Models of weed evolution can help to predict the direction which weed development might take and to develop new, sustainable methods to control feral weeds.
摘要：
杂草稻是来自农作物的广泛的野生杂草的代表，但又回到了野生物种的生活方式.这些杂草要么来自作物与野生近缘种的杂交（外生），或通过将作物突变为杂草形式(内生)。由于杂草与作物的密切关系,迄今为止，针对杂草的遏制方法有限。对此类杂草的发展有更深入的了解可能有助于设计更有效和可持续的杂草管理方法。杂草稻对全球水稻产量构成严重威胁。人们普遍认为，杂草稻独立起源于世界各地。然而,其演变的细节仍然难以捉摸。在目前的研究中,我们调查了意大利北部杂草稻的历史，欧洲最重要的水稻种植区。我们的方法是与品种相比，分析杂草稻种质中与杂草性状（SD1，sh4，Rc）相关的基因，并将这些结果与表型和生理数据相结合，以及有关意大利水稻种植的历史信息。我们得出了意大利杂草稻进化时间表的工作模型，表明外生性和内生性都是推动当今该地区各种杂草稻种群发展的力量。杂草进化模型可以帮助预测杂草的发展方向,控制野生杂草的可持续方法。
