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Abstract：
Duetting, or the stereotypical, repeated and often coordinated vocalizations between 2 individuals arose independently multiple times in the Order Primates. Across primate species, there exists substantial variation in terms of timing, degree of overlap, and sex-specificity of duet contributions. There is increasing evidence that primates can modify the timing of their duet contributions relative to their partner, and this vocal flexibility may have been an important precursor to the evolution of human language. Here, we present the results of a fine-scale analysis of Gursky\'s spectral tarsier Tarsius spectrumgurskyae duet phrases recorded in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Specifically, we aimed to investigate individual-level variation in the female and male contributions to the duet, quantify individual- and pair-level differences in duet timing, and measure temporal precision of duetting individuals relative to their partner. We were able to classify female duet phrases to the correct individual with an 80% accuracy using support vector machines, whereas our classification accuracy for males was lower at 64%. Females were more variable than males in terms of timing between notes. All tarsier phrases exhibited some degree of overlap between callers, and tarsiers exhibited high temporal precision in their note output relative to their partners. We provide evidence that duetting tarsier individuals can modify their note output relative to their duetting partner, and these results support the idea that flexibility in vocal exchanges-a precursor to human language-evolved early in the primate lineage and long before the emergence of modern humans.
摘要：
二重奏，或者刻板印象，在灵长类动物中，两个个体之间重复且经常协调的发声独立地出现了多次。在灵长类物种中，在时间上存在很大的差异，重叠程度,和二重奏贡献的性别特异性。越来越多的证据表明，灵长类动物可以改变它们相对于伴侣的二重奏贡献的时间，这种声音的灵活性可能是人类语言进化的重要前兆。这里,我们介绍了在北苏拉威西记录的Gursky\的光谱眼镜师Tarsiusspectrumgurskyae二重奏短语的精细分析结果，印度尼西亚。具体来说,我们的目的是调查女性和男性对二重奏的贡献的个体水平变化，量化二重奏时机的个人和配对水平差异，并测量个人相对于伴侣的对偶时间精度。我们能够使用支持向量机将女性二重奏短语分类为正确的个体，准确率为80％，而我们对男性的分类准确率较低，为64%。在音符之间的时间安排方面，女性比男性的差异更大。所有tarsier短语在呼叫者之间都表现出一定程度的重叠，和眼镜眼镜猴在他们的音符输出中相对于他们的伴侣表现出很高的时间精度。我们提供的证据表明，对唱眼镜猴个人可以相对于对唱伴侣修改他们的音符输出，这些结果支持这样的观点，即声音交流的灵活性——人类语言的前身——在灵长类谱系早期和现代人类出现之前就进化了。
