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Abstract：
Perennial grains could simultaneously provide food for humans and a host of ecosystem services, including reduced erosion, minimized nitrate leaching, and increased carbon capture. Yet most of the world\'s food and feed is supplied by annual grains. Efforts to domesticate intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrumn intermedium, IWG) as a perennial grain crop have been ongoing since the 1980\'s. Currently, there are several breeding programs within North America and Europe working toward developing IWG into a viable crop. As new breeding efforts are established to provide a widely adapted crop, questions of how genomic and phenotypic data can be used among sites and breeding programs have emerged. Utilizing five cycles of breeding data that span 8 years and two breeding programs, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, and The Land Institute, Salina, KS, we developed genomic selection (GS) models to predict IWG traits. Seven traits were evaluated with free-threshing seed, seed mass, and non-shattering being considered domestication traits while agronomic traits included spike yield, spikelets per inflorescence, plant height, and spike length. We used 6,199 genets - unique, heterozygous, individual plants - that had been profiled with genotyping-by-sequencing, resulting in 23,495 SNP markers to develop GS models. Within cycles, the predictive ability of GS was high, ranging from 0.11 to 0.97. Across-cycle predictions were generally much lower, ranging from -0.22 to 0.76. The prediction ability for domestication traits was higher than agronomic traits, with non-shattering and free threshing prediction abilities ranging from 0.27 to 0.75 whereas spike yield had prediction abilities ranging from -0.22 to 0.26. These results suggest that progress to reduce shattering and increase the percent free-threshing grain can be made irrespective of the location and breeding program. While site-specific programs may be required for agronomic traits, synergies can be achieved in rapidly improving key domestication traits for IWG. As other species are targeted for domestication, these results will aid in rapidly domesticating new crops.
摘要：
多年生谷物可以同时为人类提供食物和许多生态系统服务，包括减少侵蚀，最小化硝酸盐浸出，和增加碳捕获。然而，世界上大部分的食物和饲料都是由一年生谷物提供的。努力驯化中间小麦草(Thinopyrumnintermedium，IWG)作为一种多年生粮食作物，自1980年代以来一直在进行。目前,北美和欧洲有几个育种计划致力于将IWG发展成可行的作物。随着新的育种工作的建立，以提供广泛适应的作物，关于如何在站点和育种程序之间使用基因组和表型数据的问题已经出现。利用跨越8年的五个周期的育种数据和两个育种计划，明尼苏达大学,圣保罗,MN,和土地研究所，Salina,KS,我们开发了基因组选择(GS)模型来预测IWG性状。用自由脱粒种子评价了七个性状，种子质量，和不破碎被认为是驯化性状，而农艺性状包括穗产量，每个花序的小穗，植物高度,和穗长。我们使用了6199个独特的基因，杂合子，个体植物-通过测序进行基因分型，产生23,495个SNP标记来开发GS模型。在周期内,GS的预测能力较高，范围从0.11到0.97。跨周期的预测通常要低得多，范围从-0.22到0.76。驯化性状的预测能力高于农艺性状,非破碎和自由脱粒的预测能力在0.27至0.75之间，而穗产量的预测能力在-0.22至0.26之间。这些结果表明，无论地点和育种计划如何，都可以在减少破碎和增加自由脱粒谷物百分比方面取得进展。虽然农艺性状可能需要特定地点的程序，在快速改善IWG的关键驯化性状方面可以实现协同作用。由于其他物种是驯化的目标，这些结果将有助于快速驯化新作物。
