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Abstract：
Wastewater irrigation is a common practice in developing countries due to water scarcity and increasing demand for food production. However, there are health risks and ecological risks associated with this practice. Small-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) intend to decrease these risks but still face management challenges. This study assessed how the management status of five small-scale WWTPs in Cochabamba, Bolivia affects health risks associated with consumption of lettuce and ecological risks due to the accumulation of nutrients in the soil for lettuce and maize crops. Risk simulations for three wastewater irrigation scenarios were: raw wastewater, actual effluent and expected effluent. Results showed that weak O&M practices can increase risk outcomes to higher levels than irrigating with raw wastewater. Improving O&M to achieve optimal functioning of small-scale WWTPs can reduce human health risks and ecological risks up to 2 log10 DALY person-1 year-1 and to 2 log10 kg nitrogen ha-1 accumulated in soil, respectively.
摘要：
由于水资源短缺和粮食生产需求的增加，废水灌溉是发展中国家的常见做法。然而,这种做法存在健康风险和生态风险。小型污水处理厂（WWTP）打算降低这些风险，但仍面临管理挑战。这项研究评估了科恰班巴五个小规模污水处理厂的管理状况，由于生菜和玉米作物土壤中养分的积累，玻利维亚影响了与生菜消费相关的健康风险和生态风险。三种废水灌溉方案的风险模拟是：原废水，实际流出物和预期流出物。结果表明，与使用原废水灌溉相比，薄弱的O＆M实践会将风险结果增加到更高的水平。改善O＆M以实现小规模污水处理厂的最佳功能，可以减少人类健康风险和生态风险，最多可减少2log10DALY人-1年-1和土壤中积累的2log10kg氮ha-1，分别。
