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Abstract：
Precision technologies and data have had relatively modest impacts in grass-based livestock ruminant production systems compared with other agricultural sectors such as arable. Precision technologies promise increased efficiency, reduced environmental impact, improved animal health, welfare and product quality. The benefits of precision technologies have, however, been relatively slow to be realised on pasture based farms. Though there is significant overlap with indoor systems, implementing technology in grass-based dairying brings unique opportunities and challenges. The large areas animals roam and graze in pasture based systems and the associated connectivity challenges may, in part at least, explain the comparatively lower adoption of such technologies in pasture based systems. With the exception of sensor and Bluetooth-enabled plate metres, there are thus few technologies designed specifically to increase pasture utilisation. Terrestrial and satellite-based spectral analysis of pasture biomass and quality is still in the development phase. One of the key drivers of efficiency in pasture based systems has thus only been marginally impacted by precision technologies. In contrast, technological development in the area of fertility and heat detection has been significant and offers significant potential value to dairy farmers, including those in pasture based systems. A past review of sensors in health management for dairy farms concluded that although the collection of accurate data was generally achieved, the processing, integration and presentation of the resulting information and decision-support applications were inadequate. These technologies\' value to farming systems is thus unclear. As a result, it is not certain that farm management is being sufficiently improved to justify widespread adoption of precision technologies currently. We argue for a user need-driven development of technologies and for a focus on how outputs arising from precision technologies and associated decision support applications are delivered to users to maximise their value. Further cost/benefit analysis is required to determine the efficacy of investing in specific precision technologies, potentially taking account of several yet to ascertained farm specific variables.
摘要：
与耕种等其他农业部门相比，精确技术和数据对草基牲畜反刍动物生产系统的影响相对较小。精密技术有望提高效率，减少对环境的影响，改善动物健康，福利和产品质量。精密技术的好处是，然而,在以牧场为基础的农场上，实现速度相对较慢。虽然与室内系统有很大的重叠，在草业中实施技术带来了独特的机遇和挑战。大面积的动物在基于牧场的系统中漫游和放牧，以及相关的连通性挑战可能，至少在某种程度上，解释在基于牧场的系统中，这种技术的采用相对较低。除了传感器和支持蓝牙的板米，因此，很少有专门设计来提高牧场利用率的技术。基于陆地和卫星的牧场生物量和质量光谱分析仍处于开发阶段。因此，基于牧场的系统效率的关键驱动因素之一仅受到精密技术的影响。相比之下,肥力和热量检测领域的技术发展意义重大，为奶农提供了巨大的潜在价值，包括那些基于牧场的系统。过去对奶牛场健康管理中的传感器的审查得出的结论是，尽管总体上实现了准确数据的收集，处理,所产生的信息和决策支持应用程序的整合和呈现不足。因此，这些技术对农业系统的价值尚不清楚。因此,目前还不能确定农场管理是否得到了足够的改善，以证明目前精密技术的广泛采用是合理的。我们主张以用户需求为导向的技术开发，并关注如何将精密技术和相关决策支持应用程序产生的输出传递给用户以最大化其价值。需要进一步的成本/效益分析，以确定投资于特定精密技术的功效，可能考虑到几个尚未确定的农场特定变量。
