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Abstract：
Online drug markets are expanding the boundaries of drug supply including the sale and purchase of image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs). However, the role of the internet in IPED markets, and in particular the ways in which these substances are supplied via the surface web, has rarely been considered. This article examines the online IPED market in order to inform drug policy and to provide a nuanced understanding of retailers involved, particularly exploring the relationship between buyers and sellers.
This paper is based on two extensive research projects conducted in the Netherlands and Belgium. The first project focuses on muscle drugs and is based on 64 IPED dealing cases, semi-structured interviews with authorities (N=32), and dealers (N=15), along with an analysis of 10 steroid-selling websites. The second research project primarily focuses on weight loss drugs and sexual enhancers in the Netherlands, and relies on interviews with authorities (N=38), suppliers (N=30), and consumers (N=10), analysis of 69 criminal case files, and an online analysis.
In the literature, the illicit online sale of IPEDs is generally associated with illegal online pharmacies that try to mislead buyers. While confirmed in our research, we also illustrate that there are online suppliers who invest in customer relationships and services, and that users are aware of the illegal nature of their business. These e-vendors incorporate a \'social supply business model\' by providing the best possible service to their customers and attempting to minimise risks in order to attract, satisfy and maintain customers.
As it is likely that users will continue to make use of the internet to order IPEDs, regardless of closing down selling websites, it is first of all important to counteract these online sources by educating all types of consumers and providing harm reduction services.
This paper is based on two extensive research projects conducted in the Netherlands and Belgium. The first project focuses on muscle drugs and is based on 64 IPED dealing cases, semi-structured interviews with authorities (N=32), and dealers (N=15), along with an analysis of 10 steroid-selling websites. The second research project primarily focuses on weight loss drugs and sexual enhancers in the Netherlands, and relies on interviews with authorities (N=38), suppliers (N=30), and consumers (N=10), analysis of 69 criminal case files, and an online analysis.
In the literature, the illicit online sale of IPEDs is generally associated with illegal online pharmacies that try to mislead buyers. While confirmed in our research, we also illustrate that there are online suppliers who invest in customer relationships and services, and that users are aware of the illegal nature of their business. These e-vendors incorporate a \'social supply business model\' by providing the best possible service to their customers and attempting to minimise risks in order to attract, satisfy and maintain customers.
As it is likely that users will continue to make use of the internet to order IPEDs, regardless of closing down selling websites, it is first of all important to counteract these online sources by educating all types of consumers and providing harm reduction services.
摘要：
在线药物市场正在扩大药物供应的界限，包括销售和购买图像和性能增强药物（IPED）。然而,互联网在IPED市场中的作用，特别是通过表面网提供这些物质的方式，很少被考虑。本文研究了在线IPED市场，以便为药品政策提供信息，并对所涉及的零售商提供细致入微的了解，特别是探索买家和卖家之间的关系。
本文基于在荷兰和比利时进行的两个广泛的研究项目。第一个项目侧重于肌肉药物，基于64个IPED交易案例，与当局的半结构化访谈(N=32)，和经销商(N=15)，以及对10个类固醇销售网站的分析。第二个研究项目主要集中在荷兰的减肥药和性增强剂，并依赖于对当局的采访(N=38)，供应商(N=30)，和消费者(N=10)，分析了69份刑事案件档案，和在线分析。
在文献中，IPED的非法在线销售通常与试图误导买家的非法在线药店有关。虽然在我们的研究中得到了证实，我们还说明，有在线供应商投资于客户关系和服务，并且用户意识到他们业务的非法性质。这些电子供应商通过向客户提供尽可能好的服务，并试图将风险降至最低，以吸引“社会供应商业模式”。满足和维护客户。
由于用户可能会继续利用互联网订购IPED，不管关闭销售网站，首先，重要的是通过教育所有类型的消费者并提供减少伤害的服务来抵消这些在线资源。
本文基于在荷兰和比利时进行的两个广泛的研究项目。第一个项目侧重于肌肉药物，基于64个IPED交易案例，与当局的半结构化访谈(N=32)，和经销商(N=15)，以及对10个类固醇销售网站的分析。第二个研究项目主要集中在荷兰的减肥药和性增强剂，并依赖于对当局的采访(N=38)，供应商(N=30)，和消费者(N=10)，分析了69份刑事案件档案，和在线分析。
在文献中，IPED的非法在线销售通常与试图误导买家的非法在线药店有关。虽然在我们的研究中得到了证实，我们还说明，有在线供应商投资于客户关系和服务，并且用户意识到他们业务的非法性质。这些电子供应商通过向客户提供尽可能好的服务，并试图将风险降至最低，以吸引“社会供应商业模式”。满足和维护客户。
由于用户可能会继续利用互联网订购IPED，不管关闭销售网站，首先，重要的是通过教育所有类型的消费者并提供减少伤害的服务来抵消这些在线资源。
