PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
This review focuses on the process of adapting the original concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to the wider conception of the Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) implemented in Europe. Even though most of the pest management strategies still rely on the use of synthetic pesticides, a wide array of innovative and environmentally friendly tools are now available as possible alternative to the pesticides within the modern apple production system. We also highlight how recent pest management strategies and tools have created an opening for research towards IPM improvement, including the use of biorational pesticides, semiochemicals and biological control. Forecasting models, new tree training systems and innovative spray equipment have also been developed to improve treatment coverage, to mitigate pesticide drift and to reduce chemical residues on fruits. The possible threats that jeopardize the effective implementation of IPM and particularly the risks related to the development of the pesticide resistance and the introduction of new invasive pests are also reviewed. With the directive 128/09, the European legislation recognizes IPM as a strategic approach for the sustainable use of pesticides. Within this context, IPM and related guidelines is called to meet different areas of concern in relation to the worker and bystander safety. Beside the traditional economic criteria of the market-oriented agriculture, sustainable agriculture includes the assessment of the environmental impact of the agronomic practices within the societal context where they take place. As a consequence of the raising consumer concerns about environmental impacts generated by the fruit production, IFP certification over product standards, including process aspects, are frequently required by consumers and supermarket chains.
摘要：
这篇评论的重点是使病虫害综合管理（IPM）的原始概念适应欧洲实施的综合水果生产（IFP）的更广泛概念的过程。尽管大多数害虫管理策略仍然依赖于使用合成农药，现在有各种各样的创新和环保工具可以替代现代苹果生产系统中的农药。我们还强调了最近的虫害管理策略和工具如何为IPM改进研究创造了机会，包括使用生物杀虫剂，化学信息素和生物防治。预测模型，还开发了新的树木训练系统和创新的喷雾设备，以提高治疗覆盖率，减轻农药漂移和减少水果上的化学残留物。还审查了危害有效实施IPM的可能威胁，特别是与农药抗性的发展和新的入侵性害虫的引入有关的风险。根据第128/09号指令，欧洲立法将IPM视为可持续使用农药的战略方法。在此背景下,IPM和相关指南被称为满足与工人和旁观者安全有关的不同领域的关注。除了以市场为导向的农业的传统经济标准，可持续农业包括评估农艺实践在其发生的社会背景下对环境的影响。由于消费者对水果生产产生的环境影响的担忧，IFP认证超过产品标准，包括过程方面，是消费者和连锁超市经常需要的。
