Abstract：
In an increasingly complex waste market, market-based policy instruments, such as disposal taxes, can give incentives for sustainable progress while leaving flexibility for innovation. However, implementation of disposal taxes is often criticised by domestic waste handlers that fear to be outcompeted by competitors in other countries. The article discusses three innovative market-based instruments that limit the impact on international competitiveness: Tradable recycling credits, refunded disposal taxes and differentiated disposal taxes. All three instruments have already been implemented for distinct environmental policies in Europe. In order to illustrate how these instruments can be used for waste policy, the literature review is complemented with a case study on shredder residues from metal-containing waste streams in Belgium. The analysis shows that a conventional disposal tax remains the most efficient, simple and transparent instrument. However, if international competition is a significant issue or if political support is weak, refunded and differentiated disposal taxes can have an added value as second-best instruments. Tradable recycling credits are not an appropriate instrument for use in small waste markets with market power. In addition, refunded taxes create similar incentives, but induce lower transactions costs.
摘要：
在日益复杂的废物市场中，基于市场的政策工具，比如处置税，可以激励可持续发展，同时为创新留下灵活性。然而,处置税的实施经常受到家庭废物处理者的批评，他们害怕被其他国家的竞争对手竞争。本文讨论了三种基于市场的创新工具，这些工具限制了对国际竞争力的影响：可交易回收信用，退处置税和差别化处置税。在欧洲，所有三项文书都已针对不同的环境政策实施。为了说明这些工具如何用于废物政策，文献综述补充了比利时含金属废物流中切碎机残留物的案例研究。分析表明，传统的处置税仍然是最有效的，简单透明的仪器。然而,如果国际竞争是一个重大问题，或者政治支持薄弱，退还和有区别的处置税可以作为第二好的工具具有附加值。可交易的回收信贷不是在具有市场力量的小型废物市场中使用的适当工具。此外,退还的税收创造了类似的激励措施，但导致交易成本降低。
