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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: A limited number of studies on long-term effects of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) on health suggest it can be an important cause of morbidity and mortality. In Asia where air quality is poor and deteriorating, local data on long-term effects of PM2.5 to support policy on air quality management are scarce.
OBJECTIVE: We assessed long-term effects of PM2.5 on the mortality in a single Asian city.
METHODS: For 10-13 years, we followed up a cohort of 66,820 participants ≥ 65 years of age who were enrolled and interviewed in all 18 Elderly Health Centres of the Department of Health, Hong Kong, in 1998-2001. Their residential addresses were geocoded into x- and y-coordinates, and their proxy exposures to PM2.5 at their addresses in 1 × 1 km grids were estimated from the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) satellite data. We used Cox regression models to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) of mortality associated with PM2.5.
RESULTS: Mortality HRs per 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 were 1.14 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.22) for all natural causes, 1.22 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.39) for cardiovascular causes, 1.42 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.73) for ischemic heart disease, 1.24 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.53) for cerebrovascular disease, and 1.05 (95% CI: 0.90, 1.22) for respiratory causes.
CONCLUSIONS: Our methods in using NASA satellite data provide a readily accessible and affordable approach to estimation of a sufficient range of individual PM2.5 exposures in a single city. This approach can expand the capacity to conduct environmental accountability studies in areas with few measurements of fine particles.
BACKGROUND: Wong CM, Lai HK, Tsang H, Thach TQ, Thomas GN, Lam KB, Chan KP, Yang L, Lau AK, Ayres JG, Lee SY, Chan WM, Hedley AJ, Lam TH. 2015. Satellite-based estimates of long-term exposure to fine particles and association with mortality in elderly Hong Kong residents. Environ Health Perspect 123:1167-1172; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408264.
OBJECTIVE: We assessed long-term effects of PM2.5 on the mortality in a single Asian city.
METHODS: For 10-13 years, we followed up a cohort of 66,820 participants ≥ 65 years of age who were enrolled and interviewed in all 18 Elderly Health Centres of the Department of Health, Hong Kong, in 1998-2001. Their residential addresses were geocoded into x- and y-coordinates, and their proxy exposures to PM2.5 at their addresses in 1 × 1 km grids were estimated from the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) satellite data. We used Cox regression models to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) of mortality associated with PM2.5.
RESULTS: Mortality HRs per 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 were 1.14 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.22) for all natural causes, 1.22 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.39) for cardiovascular causes, 1.42 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.73) for ischemic heart disease, 1.24 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.53) for cerebrovascular disease, and 1.05 (95% CI: 0.90, 1.22) for respiratory causes.
CONCLUSIONS: Our methods in using NASA satellite data provide a readily accessible and affordable approach to estimation of a sufficient range of individual PM2.5 exposures in a single city. This approach can expand the capacity to conduct environmental accountability studies in areas with few measurements of fine particles.
BACKGROUND: Wong CM, Lai HK, Tsang H, Thach TQ, Thomas GN, Lam KB, Chan KP, Yang L, Lau AK, Ayres JG, Lee SY, Chan WM, Hedley AJ, Lam TH. 2015. Satellite-based estimates of long-term exposure to fine particles and association with mortality in elderly Hong Kong residents. Environ Health Perspect 123:1167-1172; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408264.
摘要：
背景：关于空气动力学直径<2.5μm（PM2.5）的颗粒物对健康的长期影响的研究数量有限，表明它可能是发病和死亡的重要原因。在空气质量差而且每况愈下的亚洲,支持空气质量管理政策的PM2.5长期影响的地方数据很少。
目的：我们评估了PM2.5对单个亚洲城市死亡率的长期影响。
方法：10-13年，我们对66,820名年龄≥65岁的参与者进行了随访，这些参与者在卫生部所有18个老年人健康中心进行了登记和访谈，香港,1998-2001年。他们的住宅地址被地理编码成x和y坐标，根据美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的卫星数据估算，它们在1×1公里网格中的地址对PM2.5的代理暴露。我们使用Cox回归模型来计算与PM2.5相关的死亡率的风险比（HR）。
结果：对于所有自然原因，PM2.5每增加10μg/m3的死亡率HR为1.14（95％CI：1.07，1.22），1.22（95%CI：1.08，1.39）用于心血管原因，缺血性心脏病的1.42（95%CI：1.16，1.73），脑血管病1.24（95%CI：1.00，1.53），呼吸原因为1.05（95%CI：0.90，1.22）。
结论：我们使用NASA卫星数据的方法提供了一种易于获得且负担得起的方法来估算单个城市中足够范围的单个PM2.5暴露。这种方法可以扩大在几乎没有细颗粒测量的地区进行环境问责研究的能力。
背景：WongCM，赖香港，曾赫,ThachTQ,托马斯·GN,LamKB,陈KP,杨L,LauAK,AyresJG,LeeSY,陈WM,HedleyAJ,LamTH.2015.基于卫星的香港居民长期接触细颗粒物及与死亡率的关系估计。EnvironHealthPerspect123:1167-1172;http://dx。doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408264。
目的：我们评估了PM2.5对单个亚洲城市死亡率的长期影响。
方法：10-13年，我们对66,820名年龄≥65岁的参与者进行了随访，这些参与者在卫生部所有18个老年人健康中心进行了登记和访谈，香港,1998-2001年。他们的住宅地址被地理编码成x和y坐标，根据美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的卫星数据估算，它们在1×1公里网格中的地址对PM2.5的代理暴露。我们使用Cox回归模型来计算与PM2.5相关的死亡率的风险比（HR）。
结果：对于所有自然原因，PM2.5每增加10μg/m3的死亡率HR为1.14（95％CI：1.07，1.22），1.22（95%CI：1.08，1.39）用于心血管原因，缺血性心脏病的1.42（95%CI：1.16，1.73），脑血管病1.24（95%CI：1.00，1.53），呼吸原因为1.05（95%CI：0.90，1.22）。
结论：我们使用NASA卫星数据的方法提供了一种易于获得且负担得起的方法来估算单个城市中足够范围的单个PM2.5暴露。这种方法可以扩大在几乎没有细颗粒测量的地区进行环境问责研究的能力。
背景：WongCM，赖香港，曾赫,ThachTQ,托马斯·GN,LamKB,陈KP,杨L,LauAK,AyresJG,LeeSY,陈WM,HedleyAJ,LamTH.2015.基于卫星的香港居民长期接触细颗粒物及与死亡率的关系估计。EnvironHealthPerspect123:1167-1172;http://dx。doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408264。
