Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Here we present a holistic screening of collapsing colonies from three professional apiaries in Spain. Colonies with typical honey bee depopulation symptoms were selected for multiple possible factors to reveal the causes of collapse.
RESULTS: Omnipresent were Nosema ceranae and Lake Sinai Virus. Moderate prevalences were found for Black Queen Cell Virus and trypanosomatids, whereas Deformed Wing Virus, Aphid Lethal Paralysis Virus strain Brookings and neogregarines were rarely detected. Other viruses, Nosema apis, Acarapis woodi and Varroa destructor were not detected. Palinologic study of pollen demonstrated that all colonies were foraging on wild vegetation. Consequently, the pesticide residue analysis was negative for neonicotinoids. The genetic analysis of trypanosomatids GAPDH gene, showed that there is a large genetic distance between Crithidia mellificae ATCC30254, an authenticated cell strain since 1974, and the rest of the presumed C. mellificae sequences obtained in our study or published. This means that the latter group corresponds to a highly differentiated taxon that should be renamed accordingly.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that the drivers of colony collapse may differ between geographic regions with different environmental conditions, or with different beekeeping and agricultural practices. The role of other pathogens in colony collapse has to bee studied in future, especially trypanosomatids and neogregarines. Beside their pathological effect on honey bees, classification and taxonomy of these protozoan parasites should also be clarified.
RESULTS: Omnipresent were Nosema ceranae and Lake Sinai Virus. Moderate prevalences were found for Black Queen Cell Virus and trypanosomatids, whereas Deformed Wing Virus, Aphid Lethal Paralysis Virus strain Brookings and neogregarines were rarely detected. Other viruses, Nosema apis, Acarapis woodi and Varroa destructor were not detected. Palinologic study of pollen demonstrated that all colonies were foraging on wild vegetation. Consequently, the pesticide residue analysis was negative for neonicotinoids. The genetic analysis of trypanosomatids GAPDH gene, showed that there is a large genetic distance between Crithidia mellificae ATCC30254, an authenticated cell strain since 1974, and the rest of the presumed C. mellificae sequences obtained in our study or published. This means that the latter group corresponds to a highly differentiated taxon that should be renamed accordingly.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that the drivers of colony collapse may differ between geographic regions with different environmental conditions, or with different beekeeping and agricultural practices. The role of other pathogens in colony collapse has to bee studied in future, especially trypanosomatids and neogregarines. Beside their pathological effect on honey bees, classification and taxonomy of these protozoan parasites should also be clarified.
摘要：
背景：在这里，我们对西班牙三个专业蜂巢的塌陷菌落进行了整体筛查。选择具有典型蜜蜂种群减少症状的菌落，以了解多种可能的因素，以揭示塌陷的原因。
结果：总的是Ceranae和西奈湖病毒。发现黑皇后细胞病毒和锥虫的流行率中等，而变形的机翼病毒，很少检测到蚜虫致命性麻痹病毒株Brookings和neogregarines。其他病毒,Nosemaapis，未检测到Acarapiswoodi和Varroa析构函数。花粉的古生物学研究表明，所有殖民地都在野生植被上觅食。因此,农药残留分析对新烟碱类药物呈阴性。锥虫GAPDH基因的遗传分析,表明，自1974年以来一直经过认证的细胞株ATCC30254与在我们的研究中获得或发表的其余假定的C.mellificae序列之间存在很大的遗传距离。这意味着后一组对应于高度分化的分类单元，应相应地重命名。
结论：这项研究的结果表明，殖民地崩溃的驱动因素可能在具有不同环境条件的地理区域之间有所不同，或不同的养蜂和农业实践。其他病原体在菌落崩溃中的作用有待进一步研究，尤其是锥虫和新锥虫。除了它们对蜜蜂的病理影响，这些原生动物寄生虫的分类和分类学也应该澄清。
结果：总的是Ceranae和西奈湖病毒。发现黑皇后细胞病毒和锥虫的流行率中等，而变形的机翼病毒，很少检测到蚜虫致命性麻痹病毒株Brookings和neogregarines。其他病毒,Nosemaapis，未检测到Acarapiswoodi和Varroa析构函数。花粉的古生物学研究表明，所有殖民地都在野生植被上觅食。因此,农药残留分析对新烟碱类药物呈阴性。锥虫GAPDH基因的遗传分析,表明，自1974年以来一直经过认证的细胞株ATCC30254与在我们的研究中获得或发表的其余假定的C.mellificae序列之间存在很大的遗传距离。这意味着后一组对应于高度分化的分类单元，应相应地重命名。
结论：这项研究的结果表明，殖民地崩溃的驱动因素可能在具有不同环境条件的地理区域之间有所不同，或不同的养蜂和农业实践。其他病原体在菌落崩溃中的作用有待进一步研究，尤其是锥虫和新锥虫。除了它们对蜜蜂的病理影响，这些原生动物寄生虫的分类和分类学也应该澄清。
