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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Type1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from auto- immune destruction of insulin-producing β cells and is characterized by the presence of insulitis and β-cell autoantibodies. Up to one third of patients develop an autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS). Presence of other autoimmune disorders in patients with T1DM has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Hypoglycemia resulting from concurrent hypothyroidism or adrenal crisis can be dangerous; starting replacement therapy for hypothyroidism may result in adrenal crisis if background hypocortisolism is not recognized. Early detection of antibodies and latent organ-specific dysfunction is advocated to alert physicians to take appropriate action in order to prevent full-blown disease.
OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to assess the concurrence of various autoimmune disorders in patients with T1DM, to review the concept and detect the overt forms of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease (AITD), Addison\'s Disease (AD), Vitamin B 12, vitiligo in T1DM and to find their correlation according to age and sex of the patients.
METHODS: It is a retrospective study where medical records between January 2007-June 2010 of all the patients diagnosed with T1DM, followed up at Department of Endocrinology were reviewed to find out the presence of (AD), AITD, vitiligo, Vitamin B12 deficiency and Primary Gonadal Failure, which were diagnosed clinically with available investigational procedures.
RESULTS: A total of 100 cases of T1DM were evaluated during the present study. The age group of patients ranged from 8 to 40 years, with the average being 21.56 years. 64% of the patients were males and the rest were females. 29 % of T1DM subjects had AITD (Hashimoto\'s or Graves\'disease), 5% were diagnosed with Vitamin B12 deficiency, 4% had AD, and 6% showed Vitiligo. 28 % had family history of autoimmune endocrinopathy.
CONCLUSIONS: The commonest autoimmune disorder associated with T1DM found in our study was AITD. Because genetic/ autoantibodies testing is not a feasible option, it is important to screen them with best available laboratory facilities and clinical assessment in view of high prevalence of associated autoimmune conditions.
OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to assess the concurrence of various autoimmune disorders in patients with T1DM, to review the concept and detect the overt forms of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease (AITD), Addison\'s Disease (AD), Vitamin B 12, vitiligo in T1DM and to find their correlation according to age and sex of the patients.
METHODS: It is a retrospective study where medical records between January 2007-June 2010 of all the patients diagnosed with T1DM, followed up at Department of Endocrinology were reviewed to find out the presence of (AD), AITD, vitiligo, Vitamin B12 deficiency and Primary Gonadal Failure, which were diagnosed clinically with available investigational procedures.
RESULTS: A total of 100 cases of T1DM were evaluated during the present study. The age group of patients ranged from 8 to 40 years, with the average being 21.56 years. 64% of the patients were males and the rest were females. 29 % of T1DM subjects had AITD (Hashimoto\'s or Graves\'disease), 5% were diagnosed with Vitamin B12 deficiency, 4% had AD, and 6% showed Vitiligo. 28 % had family history of autoimmune endocrinopathy.
CONCLUSIONS: The commonest autoimmune disorder associated with T1DM found in our study was AITD. Because genetic/ autoantibodies testing is not a feasible option, it is important to screen them with best available laboratory facilities and clinical assessment in view of high prevalence of associated autoimmune conditions.
摘要：
背景：1型糖尿病（T1DM）是由产生胰岛素的β细胞的自身免疫破坏引起的，其特征是存在胰岛炎和β细胞自身抗体。多达三分之一的患者发展为自身免疫性多腺综合征（APS）。T1DM患者存在其他自身免疫性疾病与发病率和死亡率增加相关。并发甲状腺功能减退或肾上腺危象引起的低血糖可能是危险的；如果未发现背景皮质醇减少，开始甲状腺功能减退的替代治疗可能会导致肾上腺危象。提倡早期检测抗体和潜在的器官特异性功能障碍，以提醒医生采取适当的措施，以预防全面的疾病。
目的：本研究的目的是评估T1DM患者各种自身免疫性疾病的并发性，审查的概念和检测的公开形式的自身免疫性甲状腺疾病（AITD），艾迪生病（AD），维生素B12、白癜风在T1DM中的作用，并根据患者的年龄和性别来寻找它们的相关性。
方法：这是一项回顾性研究，在2007年1月至2010年6月期间，所有诊断为T1DM的患者的医疗记录，对内分泌科的随访进行了审查，以发现(AD)的存在，AITD,白癜风,维生素B12缺乏和原发性性腺衰竭，通过可用的研究程序进行临床诊断。
结果：本研究共评估了100例T1DM。患者的年龄范围为8至40岁，平均为21.56年。64％的患者为男性，其余为女性。29%的T1DM受试者患有AITD（桥本或Graves病），5%被诊断为维生素B12缺乏，4%有AD,6%的患者表现为白癜风。28%有自身免疫性内分泌病家族史。
结论：在我们的研究中发现的与T1DM相关的最常见的自身免疫性疾病是AITD。因为基因/自身抗体测试不是一个可行的选择，鉴于相关自身免疫性疾病的高发率,利用现有最佳实验室设施和临床评估对其进行筛查非常重要.
目的：本研究的目的是评估T1DM患者各种自身免疫性疾病的并发性，审查的概念和检测的公开形式的自身免疫性甲状腺疾病（AITD），艾迪生病（AD），维生素B12、白癜风在T1DM中的作用，并根据患者的年龄和性别来寻找它们的相关性。
方法：这是一项回顾性研究，在2007年1月至2010年6月期间，所有诊断为T1DM的患者的医疗记录，对内分泌科的随访进行了审查，以发现(AD)的存在，AITD,白癜风,维生素B12缺乏和原发性性腺衰竭，通过可用的研究程序进行临床诊断。
结果：本研究共评估了100例T1DM。患者的年龄范围为8至40岁，平均为21.56年。64％的患者为男性，其余为女性。29%的T1DM受试者患有AITD（桥本或Graves病），5%被诊断为维生素B12缺乏，4%有AD,6%的患者表现为白癜风。28%有自身免疫性内分泌病家族史。
结论：在我们的研究中发现的与T1DM相关的最常见的自身免疫性疾病是AITD。因为基因/自身抗体测试不是一个可行的选择，鉴于相关自身免疫性疾病的高发率,利用现有最佳实验室设施和临床评估对其进行筛查非常重要.
