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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: \'Hard-to-reach\' is a term used to describe those sub-groups of the population that may be difficult to reach or involve in research or public health programmes. Application of a single term to call these sub-sections of populations implies a homogeneity within distinct groups, which does not necessarily exist. Different sampling techniques were introduced so far to recruit hard-to-reach populations. In this article, we have reviewed a range of ap-proaches that have been used to widen participation in studies.
METHODS: We performed a Pubmed and Google search for relevant English language articles using the keywords and phrases: (hard-to-reach AND population* OR sampl*), (hidden AND population* OR sample*) and (\"hard to reach\" AND population* OR sample*) and a consul-tation of the retrieved articles\' bibliographies to extract empirical evidence from publications that discussed or examined the use of sampling techniques to recruit hidden or hard-to-reach populations in health studies.
RESULTS: Reviewing the literature has identified a range of techniques to recruit hard-to-reach populations, including snowball sampling, respondent-driven sampling (RDS), indigenous field worker sampling (IFWS), facility-based sampling (FBS), targeted sampling (TS), time-location (space) sampling (TLS), conventional cluster sampling (CCS) and capture re-capture sampling (CR).
CONCLUSIONS: The degree of compliance with a study by a certain \'hard-to-reach\' group de-pends on the characteristics of that group, recruitment technique used and the subject of inter-est. Irrespective of potential advantages or limitations of the recruitment techniques reviewed, their successful use depends mainly upon our knowledge about specific characteristics of the target populations. Thus in line with attempts to expand the current boundaries of our know-ledge about recruitment techniques in health studies and their applications in varying situa-tions, we should also focus on possibly all contributing factors which may have an impact on participation rate within a defined population group.
METHODS: We performed a Pubmed and Google search for relevant English language articles using the keywords and phrases: (hard-to-reach AND population* OR sampl*), (hidden AND population* OR sample*) and (\"hard to reach\" AND population* OR sample*) and a consul-tation of the retrieved articles\' bibliographies to extract empirical evidence from publications that discussed or examined the use of sampling techniques to recruit hidden or hard-to-reach populations in health studies.
RESULTS: Reviewing the literature has identified a range of techniques to recruit hard-to-reach populations, including snowball sampling, respondent-driven sampling (RDS), indigenous field worker sampling (IFWS), facility-based sampling (FBS), targeted sampling (TS), time-location (space) sampling (TLS), conventional cluster sampling (CCS) and capture re-capture sampling (CR).
CONCLUSIONS: The degree of compliance with a study by a certain \'hard-to-reach\' group de-pends on the characteristics of that group, recruitment technique used and the subject of inter-est. Irrespective of potential advantages or limitations of the recruitment techniques reviewed, their successful use depends mainly upon our knowledge about specific characteristics of the target populations. Thus in line with attempts to expand the current boundaries of our know-ledge about recruitment techniques in health studies and their applications in varying situa-tions, we should also focus on possibly all contributing factors which may have an impact on participation rate within a defined population group.
摘要：
背景：“难以触及”是一个术语，用于描述可能难以触及或参与研究或公共卫生计划的人群亚组。应用一个术语来调用这些群体的子部分意味着不同群体内的同质性，这不一定存在。到目前为止，引入了不同的采样技术来招募难以到达的人群。在这篇文章中,我们已经审查了一系列用于扩大研究参与的方法。
方法：我们使用以下关键字和短语进行了Pubmed和Google搜索相关英语文章：（难以到达和人口*或sampl*），（隐藏和人口*或样本*）和（\“难以到达\”和人口*或样本*）以及对检索到的文章\'书目的指导，以从讨论或检查使用的出版物中提取经验证据采样技术在健康研究中招募隐藏或难以到达的人群。
结果：回顾文献已经确定了一系列招募难以到达的人群的技术，包括雪球采样，受访者驱动抽样(RDS)，土著现场工人抽样(IFWS)，基于设施的采样(FBS)，目标采样(TS)，时间位置（空间）采样（TLS），传统的聚类采样(CCS)和捕获再捕获采样(CR)。
结论：某个“难以到达”组的研究依从性程度取决于该组的特征，使用的招募技术和研究对象。无论所审查的招聘技术的潜在优势或局限性如何，它们的成功使用主要取决于我们对目标人群具体特征的了解。因此，根据试图扩大我们对健康研究中的招募技术及其在不同情况下的应用的知识的当前界限，我们还应该关注可能对特定人口群体的参与率产生影响的所有因素。
方法：我们使用以下关键字和短语进行了Pubmed和Google搜索相关英语文章：（难以到达和人口*或sampl*），（隐藏和人口*或样本*）和（\“难以到达\”和人口*或样本*）以及对检索到的文章\'书目的指导，以从讨论或检查使用的出版物中提取经验证据采样技术在健康研究中招募隐藏或难以到达的人群。
结果：回顾文献已经确定了一系列招募难以到达的人群的技术，包括雪球采样，受访者驱动抽样(RDS)，土著现场工人抽样(IFWS)，基于设施的采样(FBS)，目标采样(TS)，时间位置（空间）采样（TLS），传统的聚类采样(CCS)和捕获再捕获采样(CR)。
结论：某个“难以到达”组的研究依从性程度取决于该组的特征，使用的招募技术和研究对象。无论所审查的招聘技术的潜在优势或局限性如何，它们的成功使用主要取决于我们对目标人群具体特征的了解。因此，根据试图扩大我们对健康研究中的招募技术及其在不同情况下的应用的知识的当前界限，我们还应该关注可能对特定人口群体的参与率产生影响的所有因素。
