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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The recent notifications of autochthonous cases of dengue and chikungunya in Europe prove that the region is vulnerable to these diseases in areas where known mosquito vectors (Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti) are present. Strengthening surveillance of these species as well as other invasive container-breeding aedine mosquito species such as Aedes atropalpus, Aedes japonicus, Aedes koreicus and Aedes triseriatus is therefore required. In order to support and harmonize surveillance activities in Europe, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) launched the production of \'Guidelines for the surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in Europe\'. This article describes these guidelines in the context of the key issues surrounding invasive mosquitoes surveillance in Europe.
METHODS: Based on an open call for tender, ECDC granted a pan-European expert team to write the guidelines draft. It content is founded on published and grey literature, contractor\'s expert knowledge, as well as appropriate field missions. Entomologists, public health experts and end users from 17 EU/EEA and neighbouring countries contributed to a reviewing and validation process. The final version of the guidelines was edited by ECDC (Additional file 1).
RESULTS: The guidelines describe all procedures to be applied for the surveillance of invasive mosquito species. The first part addresses strategic issues and options to be taken by the stakeholders for the decision-making process, according to the aim and scope of surveillance, its organisation and management. As the strategy to be developed needs to be adapted to the local situation, three likely scenarios are proposed. The second part addresses all operational issues and suggests options for the activities to be implemented, i.e. key procedures for field surveillance of invasive mosquito species, methods of identification of these mosquitoes, key and optional procedures for field collection of population parameters, pathogen screening, and environmental parameters. In addition, methods for data management and analysis are recommended, as well as strategies for data dissemination and mapping. Finally, the third part provides information and support for cost estimates of the planned programmes and for the evaluation of the applied surveillance process.
CONCLUSIONS: The \'Guidelines for the surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in Europe\' aim at supporting the implementation of tailored surveillance of invasive mosquito species of public health importance. They are intended to provide support to professionals involved in mosquito surveillance or control, decision/policy makers, stakeholders in public health and non-experts in mosquito surveillance. Surveillance also aims to support control of mosquito-borne diseases, including integrated vector control, and the guidelines are therefore part of a tool set for managing mosquito-borne disease risk in Europe.
METHODS: Based on an open call for tender, ECDC granted a pan-European expert team to write the guidelines draft. It content is founded on published and grey literature, contractor\'s expert knowledge, as well as appropriate field missions. Entomologists, public health experts and end users from 17 EU/EEA and neighbouring countries contributed to a reviewing and validation process. The final version of the guidelines was edited by ECDC (Additional file 1).
RESULTS: The guidelines describe all procedures to be applied for the surveillance of invasive mosquito species. The first part addresses strategic issues and options to be taken by the stakeholders for the decision-making process, according to the aim and scope of surveillance, its organisation and management. As the strategy to be developed needs to be adapted to the local situation, three likely scenarios are proposed. The second part addresses all operational issues and suggests options for the activities to be implemented, i.e. key procedures for field surveillance of invasive mosquito species, methods of identification of these mosquitoes, key and optional procedures for field collection of population parameters, pathogen screening, and environmental parameters. In addition, methods for data management and analysis are recommended, as well as strategies for data dissemination and mapping. Finally, the third part provides information and support for cost estimates of the planned programmes and for the evaluation of the applied surveillance process.
CONCLUSIONS: The \'Guidelines for the surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in Europe\' aim at supporting the implementation of tailored surveillance of invasive mosquito species of public health importance. They are intended to provide support to professionals involved in mosquito surveillance or control, decision/policy makers, stakeholders in public health and non-experts in mosquito surveillance. Surveillance also aims to support control of mosquito-borne diseases, including integrated vector control, and the guidelines are therefore part of a tool set for managing mosquito-borne disease risk in Europe.
摘要：
背景：欧洲最近关于登革热和基孔肯雅热本土病例的通知证明，该地区在存在已知蚊媒（白纹伊蚊和埃及伊蚊）的地区容易感染这些疾病。加强对这些物种以及其他侵入性容器繁殖的aedine蚊子物种的监测，例如Aedesatropalpus，日本伊蚊,因此，需要Aedeskoreicus和Aedestroseriatus。为了支持和协调欧洲的监测活动，欧洲疾病预防和控制中心（ECDC）启动了“欧洲入侵性蚊子监测指南”的制作。本文在围绕欧洲入侵蚊子监测的关键问题的背景下介绍了这些指南。
方法：基于公开招标，ECDC授权一个泛欧专家小组编写准则草案。它的内容建立在已出版的灰色文献上，承包商的专业知识，以及适当的实地考察。昆虫学家,来自17个欧盟/欧洲经济区和邻国的公共卫生专家和最终用户为审查和验证过程做出了贡献。指南的最终版本由ECDC编辑（附加文件1）。
结果：该指南描述了用于监测入侵蚊子物种的所有程序。第一部分讨论了战略问题和利益相关者在决策过程中应采取的选择，根据监视的目的和范围，它的组织和管理。由于要制定的战略需要因地制宜,提出了三种可能的方案。第二部分涉及所有业务问题，并提出要实施的活动的备选方案，即对入侵蚊子进行现场监测的关键程序，识别这些蚊子的方法，人口参数现场收集的关键和可选程序，病原体筛选,和环境参数。此外,推荐了数据管理和分析方法，以及数据传播和绘图的策略。最后,第三部分为计划方案的成本估算和应用监测过程的评估提供信息和支持。
结论：“欧洲入侵性蚊子监测指南”旨在支持对公共卫生重要性的入侵性蚊子进行量身定制的监测。它们旨在为参与蚊子监视或控制的专业人员提供支持，决策者/决策者，公共卫生的利益相关者和蚊子监测的非专家。监察亦旨在支援控制蚊媒疾病,包括综合矢量控制，因此，该指南是欧洲控制蚊媒疾病风险的工具集的一部分。
方法：基于公开招标，ECDC授权一个泛欧专家小组编写准则草案。它的内容建立在已出版的灰色文献上，承包商的专业知识，以及适当的实地考察。昆虫学家,来自17个欧盟/欧洲经济区和邻国的公共卫生专家和最终用户为审查和验证过程做出了贡献。指南的最终版本由ECDC编辑（附加文件1）。
结果：该指南描述了用于监测入侵蚊子物种的所有程序。第一部分讨论了战略问题和利益相关者在决策过程中应采取的选择，根据监视的目的和范围，它的组织和管理。由于要制定的战略需要因地制宜,提出了三种可能的方案。第二部分涉及所有业务问题，并提出要实施的活动的备选方案，即对入侵蚊子进行现场监测的关键程序，识别这些蚊子的方法，人口参数现场收集的关键和可选程序，病原体筛选,和环境参数。此外,推荐了数据管理和分析方法，以及数据传播和绘图的策略。最后,第三部分为计划方案的成本估算和应用监测过程的评估提供信息和支持。
结论：“欧洲入侵性蚊子监测指南”旨在支持对公共卫生重要性的入侵性蚊子进行量身定制的监测。它们旨在为参与蚊子监视或控制的专业人员提供支持，决策者/决策者，公共卫生的利益相关者和蚊子监测的非专家。监察亦旨在支援控制蚊媒疾病,包括综合矢量控制，因此，该指南是欧洲控制蚊媒疾病风险的工具集的一部分。
