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Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: This tutorial addresses fundamental characteristics of microphones (frequency response, frequency range, dynamic range, and directionality), which are important for accurate measurements of voice and speech.
METHODS: Technical and voice literature was reviewed and analyzed. The following recommendations on desirable microphone characteristics were formulated: The frequency response of microphones should be flat (i.e., variation of less than 2 dB) within the frequency range between the lowest expected fundamental frequency of voice and the highest spectral component of interest. The equivalent noise level of the microphones is recommended to be at least 15 dB lower than the sound level of the softest phonations. The upper limit of the dynamic range of the microphone should be above the sound level of the loudest phonations. Directional microphones should be placed at the distance that corresponds to their maximally flat frequency response, to avoid the proximity effect; otherwise, they will be unsuitable for spectral and level measurements. Numerical values for these recommendations were derived for the microphone distances of 30 cm and 5 cm.
CONCLUSIONS: The recommendations, while preliminary and in need of further numerical justification, should provide the basis for better accuracy and repeatability of studies on voice and speech production in the future.
METHODS: Technical and voice literature was reviewed and analyzed. The following recommendations on desirable microphone characteristics were formulated: The frequency response of microphones should be flat (i.e., variation of less than 2 dB) within the frequency range between the lowest expected fundamental frequency of voice and the highest spectral component of interest. The equivalent noise level of the microphones is recommended to be at least 15 dB lower than the sound level of the softest phonations. The upper limit of the dynamic range of the microphone should be above the sound level of the loudest phonations. Directional microphones should be placed at the distance that corresponds to their maximally flat frequency response, to avoid the proximity effect; otherwise, they will be unsuitable for spectral and level measurements. Numerical values for these recommendations were derived for the microphone distances of 30 cm and 5 cm.
CONCLUSIONS: The recommendations, while preliminary and in need of further numerical justification, should provide the basis for better accuracy and repeatability of studies on voice and speech production in the future.
摘要：
目的：本教程介绍了麦克风的基本特性（频率响应，频率范围,动态范围,和方向性)，这对于准确测量语音和语音很重要。
方法：回顾和分析了技术和语音文献。制定了以下有关理想麦克风特性的建议：麦克风的频率响应应该是平坦的（即，在语音的最低预期基本频率和感兴趣的最高频谱分量之间的频率范围内，变化小于2dB）。麦克风的等效噪声水平建议至少比最柔和的声音的声音水平低15dB。麦克风的动态范围的上限应高于最大声音的声级。定向麦克风应放置在与其最大平坦频率响应相对应的距离处，以避免邻近效应；否则，它们将不适合光谱和水平测量。这些建议的数值是针对30厘米和5厘米的麦克风距离得出的。
结论：建议，虽然是初步的，需要进一步的数字证明，为今后语音和语音制作研究的准确性和可重复性提供依据。
方法：回顾和分析了技术和语音文献。制定了以下有关理想麦克风特性的建议：麦克风的频率响应应该是平坦的（即，在语音的最低预期基本频率和感兴趣的最高频谱分量之间的频率范围内，变化小于2dB）。麦克风的等效噪声水平建议至少比最柔和的声音的声音水平低15dB。麦克风的动态范围的上限应高于最大声音的声级。定向麦克风应放置在与其最大平坦频率响应相对应的距离处，以避免邻近效应；否则，它们将不适合光谱和水平测量。这些建议的数值是针对30厘米和5厘米的麦克风距离得出的。
结论：建议，虽然是初步的，需要进一步的数字证明，为今后语音和语音制作研究的准确性和可重复性提供依据。
